PDHPE

• Motivation


  - positive and negative

  - intrinsic and extrinsic

  - internal state that directs behaviour towards achieving a goal

  - motivation can be increased by recognising individual effort, supporting belief in ability, a good work ethic, positive reinforcement
• Positive motivation


  - driven by reinforcing behaviours

  - in the form of incentives, progress charts, recognising achievement, handling mistakes constructively

  - more effective and sustainable then negative

  - gradual stages of challenges for the athlete

  - receive rewards for good performance, become conditioned

  - eg. crowd appreciation and cheering
• Negative motivation


  - improvement in performance out of fear of consequences and punishment

  - causes indecision, lack of creativity, fear of risk taking, and choking in games

  - can destroy confidence, initiative and personal belief if on a regular basis

  - can decrease motivation

  - eg. dropped from team for poor performance
• Intrinsic motivation


  - comes from within the individual

  - best motivation for long term results

  - interest in activity and personal reward

  - competitions are motivating

  - eg. happiness from a good performance
• Extrinsic motivation


  - motivation from outside source, parents or monetary reward

  - in the form of praise, material reward, financial remuneration

  - expectation of outside punishment/reward

  - turns activity into ends rather than mean

  - can decrease intrinsic motivation

  - can be manipulated through bribes or coercion

  - eg. tournament money, fan approval
• Anxiety


  - trait and state

  - psychological process characterised by fear or apprehension of a situation perceived as potentially threatening

  - sports unpredictable nature and outcome

  - disrupts and unsettles behaviour by lowering concentration and affecting performance
• Trait anxiety


  - general level of stress characteristic to an individual

  - varies from person to person and how they have conditioned themselves to respond to anxiety

  - can come from negative motivation

  - eg. a player is benched due to poor performance constantly worries when playing
• State anxiety


  - state of heightened emotions due to fear or danger

  - nervousness, sweating, shaking

  - certain amounts can be beneficial

  - eg. penalty kick
• Stress


  - characterised by increased blood supply, more o2, more glucose for fuel production, more sweat to cool bod and tightened muscles to prepare for action

  - reflects a person's past experiences, routines, expectations, amount of support and frequency of similar experiences
• Sources of stress


  - personal pressure due to individual desire to win/get goals

  - competition pressure from opponents on field of play

  - social pressure from coaches, peers, parents held in esteem

  - physical pressure to execute skills in game
• Optimal arousal


  - physiological response that facilitates/hinders performance

  - low, optimal and high levels

  - dependent on task as more difficult sports need less arousal due to fine motor skills whilst contact sports eg rugby league need more for aggression

  - arousal dependent on self expectation, expectation by others, experience, financial pressures, level of competition and difficulty

  
• Psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety


  - concentration/attention skills (focusing)

  - mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery

  - relaxation techniques

  - goal setting
• Concentration/attention skills


  - ability to focus on the task at hand

  - filter out unnecessary information

  - developed through training

  - redirect negative thoughts to maintain concentration

  - focus on correct technique

  eg. swimmer focuses on lengthening stroke and pacing
• Mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery


  - picturing the performance before executing it

  - uses imagery

  - visualising surrounding activity with the skill eg. crowds

  - improves concentration and confidence

  - before and during competitions

  - optimises arousal

  - mental rehearsal is the whole picture eg. event of penalty

  - visualisation is the skill eg. kicking the penalty
• Relaxation technqiues


  - reduce anxiety and manage arousal levels

  - centred breathing, mental relaxation, music

  - used prior to mental rehearsal

  - meditation, but not before event due to under-arousal

  - effects breathing rate, muscles and heart rate

  - muscular relaxation by tensing and relaxing muscles\

  eg. positive self talk
• Goal setting


  - targets to direct our efforts towards

  - short/long term mental focus

  - end point or direction for sports

  - improves pride, self-confidence, performance and reduces stress and anxiety

  - behavioural eg. being on time to training or performance eg. reaching state level

  eg. SMART GOALS (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely)