week 5

• Alkanes


  Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
• Alkenes


  Hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds
• Alkynes


  Hydrocarbons that contain one or more triple bonds
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons


  Hydrocarbons with a ring structure and alternating double bonds
• Common Functional Groups


  • Alcohol
  • Ether
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Ester
  • Amine
  • Amide
  • Halide
• Alcohol


  Compounds containing a hydroxyl (OH) group
• Ether


  Compounds with two hydrocarbon groups attached to one oxygen atom
• Aldehyde


  Compounds with a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain
• Ketone


  Compounds with a carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon chain
• Carboxylic Acid


  Compounds with a carboxyl (-COOH) group
• Ester


  Compounds formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• Amine


  Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon groups
• Amide


  Compounds formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine
• Halide


  Compounds containing a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) bonded to a hydrocarbon group
• Aldehyde


  Characterized by the presence of a carbon atom that is doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and located at the terminal portion of the carbon chain
• Naming an aldehyde


  The suffix -aldehyde or -al is always added
• Ketone


  Ketones have a carbonyl group found at the interior of a carbon chain and is bonded to two alkyl or aromatic groups. Ketones are less reactive than aldehydes and are used extensively as solvents.
• Ketones


  • propanone (acetone)
  • methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
• Carboxylic Acid


  Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group written as -COOH, a combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. The names for carboxylic acid always end with -ic acid like ethanoic acid. Carboxylic acids are weak acids that are widely distributed in nature and are commonly used in consumer products. It is important in the production of polymers used to synthesize fibers, films and paints.
• Ester


  An ester is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react, with water as a byproduct. Esters are compounds in which an alkyl or aromatic group substitutes for the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid. Many esters are volatile liquids with naturally pleasant odors. Some are found in fruits and are responsible for their characteristic sweet odors. Esters are named by using the first group from which the alcohol is derived and then the group from which the carboxylic acid is derived; then the suffix -ate is added.
• Esters


  • ethyl propanoate
  • propyl methanoate
• Amine


  Amines, nitrogen containing compounds are organic bases. They have the general formula R-NH2. Where R may be hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group. The simple linear amines are named by specifying the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom and adding the ending -amine.
• Amide


  When an amine containing hydrogen reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide is formed. The amide functional group is derived from the formation of a carbon-to-nitrogen (C-N) bond accompanied by the production of water.
• Isomerism


  The existence of two or more different organic compounds having the same molecular formula
• Isomers


  Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula
• General Formula of Ether