written argument that presents a specific stance or viewpoint on a particular issue or topic. It is typically written for a formal audience and aims to persuade readers to adopt the writer's position.
Advocacy
Argues for a cause, policy, or action, aiming to persuade the reader to support the writer's viewpoint.
Problemsolution
Identifies a specific problem and proposes solutions to address it, aiming to convince the reader that the proposed solution is effective and feasible.
Policy
Discusses a policy or set of policies, argues for or against them, examines their impact, and suggests changes or improvements.
Historical
Examines a historical event, period, or figure and presents a position or interpretation of its significance, often discussing the implications for contemporary issues.
Opposition
Presents arguments against a policy, idea, or action, seeking to counter the arguments made by proponents and persuade the reader to reject the proposed position.
Surveyreport
To gather and present data from a sample population.
Labreport
To document experimental procedures and findings.
Fieldreport
To observe and document phenomena in a natural setting.
Structured questionnaire
Contains closed-ended questions with fixed response options. This type is easy to analyze quantitatively. Example: "On a scale of 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with our service?"
Unstructured questionnaire
Contains open-ended questions that allow respondents to answer freely, providing more detailed qualitative information. Example: "Please describe your experience with our product."
Dichotomous Questionnaire
Contains questions with only two response options (e.g., yes/no, true/false). Example: "Have you ever used our product?"
Multiplechoice questionnaire
Contains questions with several predefined response options. Example: "Which of the following social media platforms do you use regularly? (Select all that apply: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn)"
Ranking questionnaire
Asks respondents to rank a list of items according to their preferences. Example: "Please rank the following factors in order of importance when choosing a smartphone: price, brand, features, design."
LikertScale Questionnaire
Measures attitudes or opinions on a scale, typically from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Example: "Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: 'I am satisfied with the customer service.'"
SemanticDifferential Questionnaire
Measures the meaning of concepts or objects based on opposing adjectives. Example: "Please rate the restaurant's ambiance from 1 (unpleasant) to 7 (pleasant)."
IntervalScale Questionnaire
Measures the magnitude of a characteristic without a true zero point. Example: "On a scale of 1 to 10, how likely are you to recommend our product to a friend?"
Ratioscale questionnaire
Measures the magnitude of a characteristic with a true zero point. Example: "How many hours per week do you spend watching TV?"
ConjointAnalysis Questionnaire
Presents respondents with hypothetical scenarios to evaluate the importance of different attributes. Example: "Which smartphone would you choose based on the following attributes: price, camera quality, battery life?"