English Q4

• Academic writing


  Formal style of writing with the general purpose of presenting information to display a clear understanding of a particular subject
• Formality


  • Using formal language rather than everyday common language, achieved through: choosing expanded forms over contracted forms, avoiding colloquial/trite/idiomatic expressions, choosing expanded terms over their abbreviated equivalents
• Objectivity


  • Writing must be impersonal, main emphasis should be on the presented information and/or arguments rather than what you think about the issue, achieved through: avoiding the use of personal pronouns, avoiding rhetorical questions, avoiding "emotive language" that shows biases
• Explicitness


  • Writer's responsibility to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related, achieved through: using different signaling words, citing/acknowledging sources of ideas
• Caution


  • Concept of cautious language, often called "hedging" or "vague language", needed to avoid sweeping generalizations, achieved through using devices such as modal verbs, adverbs, or verbs
• Interpersonal communication


  Communication that involves two persons or two groups of people who share the roles of sender and receiver
• Conversation


  A friendly and usual informal talk between two people who exchange their views and ideas
• Dialog


  A more intimate and purposive form of dyadic communication, could be written or spoken exchange of ideas between two or more people
• Interview


  A form of dyadic communication that is a two-way process where both parties alternately talk and listen, a formal and purposive consultation
• Literature


  Writings in prose or verse having excellent forms that express permanent and universal ideas, a tool to assert one's unique identity and to understand other people better
• Prose


  A form of language that has no formal metrical structure, applies a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure
• Poetry


  A type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene, or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words
• Philippine literature


  Literature associated with the Philippines, includes legends of prehistory and the colonial legacy, written in indigenous and Hispanic languages
• Autobiography


  A narration of a person's life written by the same person in his or her own words
• Speech


  A spoken expression of thoughts and ideas delivered formally to the people
• Drama


  Uses written dialogues and directions to perform and show fictional events in front of an audience, includes facial expressions, gestures, and manner of delivery of the actors and actresses, as well as the appearance and details of the stage such as the scenery, lighting, and sound effects, allows you to appreciate and understand the culture of a particular place in a meaningful way
• Poetry


  • Has elegant and rhythmical language and vivid imagery to draw out an emotional response from readers, carefully chosen words and brief expression calls readers to feel every line and verse and be imaginative to admire its beauty and find pleasure in reading them
• Fantasy


  Involves make-believe mental images of beings, places, and things that are very much different from what you see and experience in real life, communicates hopes and dreams, and in other instances, the hidden parts of your thoughts, invites excitement and interest because it deviates from the things you are familiar with
• Humor


  Presents fictional events amusingly or hilariously, is an element in most of the other genres because of its light and entertaining nature
• Fables


  Extraordinary narratives in which animals that speak as humans serve as characters, teach valuable lessons and bear the values or principles in life that is unique to a particular culture or nation
• Fairy tales or wonder tales


  Specific kinds of folktales or fables, have fairies or other magical creatures as characters, are usually animated to tell children lessons in an amusing and motivating way
• Science fiction


  Revolves on the impact of potential scientific or technological discoveries, either actual or imagined, sometimes, it is set in a kind of environment that is far more advanced than the present generation or would involve advanced ways to travel through time
• Short stories


  Pieces of prose fiction narrating a moment in time using a clear and simple storyline, usually has a limited set of characters as well as single setting and conflict, which makes it easy for you to read it in one sitting, one of the earliest genres that Filipino writers wrote, which allows the present generation to appreciate glimpses of the past and their ancestors' way of life
• Realistic fiction


  Consists of stories that reflect people and events in the society in daily life even if the writer just made them up in his or her imagination, the writer did not intentionally refer to them or write directly about them, but it accidentally appeared true to life
• Folklore


  The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a group of people living together and was passed on across generations by word of mouth, considered the first and the earliest genre of literature present in ancient civilizations which served many purposes such as entertainment and preservation of culture
• Historical fiction


  A story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting
• Horror


  Has frightful, shocking, or terrifying elements causing you to feel dread and uneasy about the events that will happen next
• Tall tales


  Humorous stories with obvious exaggerations in their characters and plot, characterized by swaggering heroes who do impossible things in an indifferent or casual manner
• Legend


  A kind of folklore that narrates stories to explain the origin of things or the cause of natural phenomena, reveals some of the earliest cultural beliefs of a group of people through elements such as characters, setting, and plot
• Mystery


  A genre of fiction in which the plot of stories focuses on resolving crimes and figuring out hidden parts in characters or events
• Mythology


  A type of traditional narrative that is based on historical events and cultural beliefs in some way, reveals human behavior and natural phenomena through symbolisms such as the actions and personalities of the gods and how they control human life
• Fiction in verse


  Full-length novels with plots, subplots, and themes involving major and minor characters, the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form
• Plot


  1. Exposition - part of the story in which the character/s and setting are introduced

  2. Rising Action/Conflict - events that increase tension because of a conflict

  3. Climax - the highest point of interest in the story that gives readers the suspense on whether the conflict will be solved or not

  4. Falling Action - the part where the tension of events or the conflict starts to decrease and begin to settle down

  5. Resolution - the event wherein the conflict has been solved, indicating the ending of the story
• Conflict


  A literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing forces, provides crucial tension in any story and is used to drive the narrative forward, often used to reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative while highlighting characters' motivations, values, and weaknesses
• Antagonism


  The stronger the forces of antagonism are, the more well-developed your character will become, the conflict should be tailored to your protagonist's main desire, antagonism has to increase with time, or you'll lose the reader's interest
• Internal conflict


  When a character struggles with their own opposing desires or beliefs, happens within them, and it drives their development as a character
• External conflict


  Sets a character against something or someone beyond their control, external forces stand in the way of a character's motivations and create tension as the character tries to reach their goals
• Nonfictional Prose


  Literary work mainly based on facts, though it may contain fictional elements in certain cases. Examples include biographies and essays.
• Fictional Prose


  Literary work that is wholly or partly imagined or theoretical. Examples are novels.
• Heroic Prose


  Literary work that may be written down or recited and employs many of the formulaic expressions found in oral tradition. Examples are legends and tales.