HBS TEST

• Pulse ox values


  Percentage of oxygen in someone's blood
• Respiration rate


  1. The rate at which you inhale and exhale each breath

  2. 12-16 normally
• Pulse Oximetry


  A test used to measure the oxygen level in the blood which tells us how the lungs are functioning
• Spirometry


  A test that measures how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale
• Lung volumes


  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • Vital capacity
  • Residual volume
  • Total lung capacity (TLC)
• Tidal volume


  The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)


  The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)


  The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
• Vital capacity


  The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
• Residual volume


  The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Under normal conditions, the lungs are never completely emptied
• Total lung capacity (TLC)


  The sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume: TLC = VC + RV
• When airways are obstructed


  It becomes harder to breathe and your normal respiratory values change
• An athlete, singer, wind instrument musician

  Their lung volume is larger
• Conditions that would decrease lung volumes

  • Sarcoidosis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Systemic sclerosis
• PEFR or spirometry


  Tests conducted to help diagnose asthma
• Peak flow data in diagnosing and managing asthma


  • 80-100% - All is fine - Green Zone
  • 50-80% - Caution - Yellow Zone
  • Less than 50% - Medical Alert - Red Zone
• Asthmatic airways


  Narrower and swelled, making it harder to breathe
• Normal airways


  Have a normal size and breathe normally
• When an asthma attack occurs


  Bronchial tube muscles narrow causing these narrowed and swelled airways
• Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)


  The maximum amount of air that can forcefully be exhaled in one second, used to measure lung function in obstructive airway diseases like asthma
• Bronchodilator


  Helps to enlarge the airways of the bronchioles which helps to breathe better
• Albuterol inhaler


  Used to treat asthma by providing enough air supply to help when conducting activities that need a lot of air supply
• Common triggers for asthma attacks


  • High pressure areas
  • Cold climates
  • Lots of physical activity
  • Activities that need lots of respiratory power
• Pulmonary fibrosis, or scarring of the lungs


  Lung capacity and vital capacity would decrease since the lungs would not be able to breathe an adequate amount of air to supply normal lung function
• A problem with the cardiovascular system


  Might not move enough blood to the lungs to be oxygenated nor move enough oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• A problem with the respiratory system

  Might not allow adequate gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs to allow the bloodstream to acquire the needed oxygen for the body or to remove the waste carbon dioxide from the body
• Jungle rot


  Bacterial infection of a wound on the skin that causes painful ulcers and tissue death
• Jungle rot infection


  1. Bacteria infect wound

  2. Causes inflammation and redness

  3. Forms lesion and pimple

  4. Untreated can affect muscles, tendons, tissues, and bones

  5. Can lead to amputation
• Agents of disease


  • Prions
  • Bacteria
  • Helminths
  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • Fungi
• Prions


  Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins
• Prion infection


  Prions proliferate by inducing normal proteins to convert to the abnormal form
• Bacteria


  Living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
• Bacterial infection


  Can occur through orifice, wound, ingesting contaminated food/water, inhalation, sexual contact, or imbalance in normal flora. Can invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce toxins.
• Helminths


  Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms
• Helminth infection


  Can occur through consuming contaminated food/water or being bit by infected insect. Deprive host of essential nutrients and can cause tissue/organ damage.
• Viruses


  Non-living microscopic agents made up of capsid and DNA/RNA
• Viral infection


  Can occur through touch, saliva, blood, or sexual contact. Viruses infect cells and take over host cell's protein synthesis, destroying host cells and tissues.
• Protists

  Living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic, animal-like organisms
• Protist infection


  Typically through ingesting contaminated food/water. Infect digestive tract, blood, or organs, depriving host of essential nutrients and causing tissue/organ damage.
• Fungi

  Living, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms