Pharmacology

• A 34-year-old female presents with a red, mildly uncomfortable LE for 3-4 days. Your tentative diagnosis is episcleritis. What is pharmacological treatment?

  carbomer 980 0.2% p.r.n for 2 weeks
• What would be the first choice for cycloplegic refraction for a 4-year-old boy to perform retinoscopy? (has an esophoria)

  cyclopentolate 1%
• A 42-year-old female presents with a FB sensation in her RE after gardening over the weekend. There is an embedded FB. Needs anaesthesia but is allergic to proxymetacaine. What do you use?

  1 drop of lidocaine
• Which of the following does not occur with the inhibtion of cyclo-oxygenase with aspirin? Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory or platelet aggregation.

  platelet-aggregation
• What are first line treatment options for SAC and what is not?

  is: topical NSAIDs, mast cell stabilizers, cold compresses

  not: topical steroids
• Phenylephrine 2.5%, minims eyedrops are classified by the medicines act as?

  P med
• An 18-month-old boy presents with a non resolving bacterial conjunctivitis despite mum complying with the lid hygiene measures over a number of days. Entry-level pharmacological management?

  Chloramphenicol 1% (PoM) q.d.s for 2 days then b.d.s for 3-5 days
• What are the main ocular effects of histamine likely to be?

  Itching, blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability
• Why is sub epithelial corneal opacities treated with topical steroids in adenoviral conjunctivitis?

  to reduce the risk of corneal scarring
• What is Benzalkonium chloride (BAK)?

  A detergent based preservative that interrupts lipids in bacterial cell membranes
• What are the potentials of Benxalkonium Chloride (BAK)?

  
  

  potential to be toxic to the cornea causing corneal dessication

  potential to increase the ocular absorption of the active ingredient to the target site
• 62-year-old, female, flashes and floaters. Want to perform a dilated fundus exam, assessed the anterior chamber, van hericks grade 4, what would you use to dilate?

  instil tropicamide 1%
• 32-year-old mechanic, complaints of pain and light sensitivity in the left eye after work yesterday. After history and symptoms, a white light slit lamp exam, you decide to use a diagnostic stain/dye. What do you do?


  instil fluorescein sodium and use a cobalt blue filter on the slit lamp to assess any corneal damage
• Give an example of a PRO DRUG?

  ganciclovir 0.15%
• A 22-year-old nursery teacher presents complaining of red and watery eyes for 5-7 days that you suspect is adenoviral conjunctivitis?

  Carbomer 980 0.2% eye gel p.r.n. until resolved
• Does ibuprofen inhibit the activity of lipoxygenase enzyme and therefore the formation of leukotrienes?

  no
• What is the use of phenylephrine in episcleritis?

  Phenylephrine can be used by Orthoptists and Optometrists to aid differential diagnosis of episcleritis versus scleritis
• What are the symptoms of Atropine Poisoning?

  ·         Blind as a bat – accommodation paralysis.

  ·         Dry as a bone – inhibition of sweat & salivary glands.

  ·         Red as a beetroot – dilatation of blood vessels within the skin.

  ·         Mad as a hatter – CNS effects which can result in hallucinations.
• 54-year-old female, sister and father - chronic OAG, has Grave's disease, performing pachymetry and applanation tonometry. What diagnostic drug should be avoided?

  proxymetacaine
• When a patient presents with acute red eye symptoms the Seidel Test can be useful and makes use of an ocular diagnostic stain. In what scenario would it be used?

  a px presenting with a painful and red left eye after working on a DIY project over the weekend