Cdh: Unit 3

• Old ways before industrialization


  • Subsistence agriculture
  • Hand-made goods (clothes)
  • Travel = Horses/Animals
  • No education mostly dependent on religion teachings
• Industrialization


  • Machines take over
  • The switch from agriculture (manual work) to machines
• Characteristics of industrialization


  • People moved to Urban areas
  • Factories hired anyone when jobs were available
  • Standardisation; Anyone can the tiring, you show up on time and do the job
  • Social structures; Schools, healthcare, and family relationships, by these things people learn from them to then decide what to do
  • Infrastructure; Roads, public water and sewage systems, power distribution
  • Dangerous working conditions for all labour, children included
  • Separation of individuals form nature and extended family
• Issues with industrialization


  • Unsafe machinery and conditions; Some machines blew up
  • Workers would lose their lives; they were replaced immediately
  • There was no punishment for the factories; More injustice would occur
• Why would the worker not be able to get better wages?

  Because there is no other job that the worker could get. This led to the factories treating them however they wanted because the workers needed the factories not the other way around. Lack of bargaining power; Workers may have limited bargaining power due to lack of education, skills, or experience. This can make it difficult for them to negotiate higher wages with their employers. Weak labour laws; In some countries, weak labour laws and enforcement mechanisms make it easier for employers to pay low wages and exploit workers without facing consequences.
• What did mudlarks scavenge for?


  • Chunks of coal, scraps of iron, and pieces of wood
• Risks and dangerous conditions the mudlarks had to endure


  • Raw sewage and corpses of humans and animals
• As a result of these dangerous conditions, mudlarks


  Suffered injuries and, sometimes, death
• What job were mule scavengers hired to do?

  They collected cotton scraps from the mill's floor to keep the textile machinery from breaking down
• Why did textile mill owners use children as mule scavengers?

  They were small enough to fit underneath the spinning mule machines
• Children as young as 4 years old were sometimes adopted by owners and forced to work up to 16 hours a day
• What did child workers suffer from?


  • Beatings and illnesses like cancer and respiratory diseases
• Injuries children suffered while crawling under the spinning machines


  • Scalping and decapitation, and torn-off limbs and fingers
• By 1851, 30% of Britain's coal mining workforce was made up of children
• Experiences of Breaker Boys, Trappers, and Hurriers & Thrusters


  • Lung cancer and blindness, and getting crushed and losing limbs
• Children working in the coal mines were expected to live to 25 years old
• Why were children used as chimney sweeps?

  They could fit into the narrow, twisted coal-burning chimneys
• Children chimney sweeps were often taken from orphanages, bought from their parents, and kidnapped
• How were children chimney sweeps like slaves?


  They had to work - unpaid - most of the day for their masters and they were beaten and abused
• The job of powder monkeys was to

  carry gunpowder for the navy guns from the bottom a ship to the upper decks
• Powder monkeys were the most inexperienced on the ship yet had the most dangerous job
• How does industrialization cause urbanization?


  The more Industrialization causes the world to become developed through products, the more everyone will strive to become more developed and urbanised. They will move to the urban areas because they are much more developed than rural areas. They will in return, get an easier life and a better-paying job.
• How does urbanisation change how people live?


  Urbanisation changes how people live by bringing them together in cities. This can create new ways of doing things and change how families work. It can make society feel faster and more connected, and can bring new challenges too, like not having enough space and fairness for everyone.
• Why are schools needed after industrialization and not before?


  As a cause of Industrialization, they would need jobs to keep themselves stable. So, the stable jobs are in factories and machineries, but they need an education to get that job.
• What changes happen in infrastructure after industrialization?


  Urbanisation changes how cities look and work. It makes the city need more things like roads, buildings, and services like buses and water pipes to support the growing population. This can lead to new infrastructure being built, like new roads or schools.
• Why was child labour wrong?


  • They would either not get paid, or they would get paid significantly less than adults even though they do more dangerous work
  • They would not have a choice and would be forced to work
• 3 examples of child labour


  • Powder monkeys (kids) that transported gunpowder that could explode if moved wrong
  • Chimney sweeps where kids would wear a broom on their head and hanged from the top of the chimney to clean
  • Cotton-cleaning kids who would be needed to pick up cotton from underneath machines that could possibly tear off their limbs or scalp them
• Why would parents let their children work?

  The parents would have no other choice and needed the money
• How do low wages produce a horrible living standard?


  Almost no money for food and unable to provide money for the family, they do not have shelter and education as well. They got replaced by the machines so their wages became low since they did not have any jobs.
• How unsafe were these machines?


  Dangerous work conditions can cause adults to get hurt or sick. Some jobs have risky tasks like working with dangerous equipment or chemicals. This can lead to injuries or health problems that are serious. It is important for employers to make sure the workplace is safe for their employees. They should provide proper training and safety gear to prevent accidents. Workers have the right to be safe at work and it is the employer's responsibility to keep them protected. By following regulations and promoting safety, employers can help prevent injuries and protect their employees' health.
• What is the connection between the government, unions, and working conditions?


  The working conditions were very bad and they would get paid minimum wage. This caused unions to happen that group individuals that protest. The government did not accept their protests, so they hung some of them and removed some of them.
• Power loom


  1. It moves threads back and forth fast to create cloth

  2. Effect during the Industrial Revolution: This machine was super important during the Industrial Revolution. It made cloth production much faster and cheaper. So, people could buy more clothes at lower prices.
• Other machines


  • Spinning Jenny: The Spinning Jenny was another cool machine. It let one person spin many threads at once, which made making yarn faster.
  • Water Frame: This machine used the power of water to spin yarn. It was a big deal because it made spinning yarn way faster.
  • Flying Shuttle: The Flying Shuttle was a tool used in weaving. It helped pass threads quickly, speeding up the weaving process.
• Luddite


  People who didn't like new machines during the Industrial Revolution. They worried that machines would take their jobs and change their way of life. Nowadays, if someone doesn't like new technology, they might be called a "Luddite". It's like saying they prefer old-fashioned ways of doing things.
• How did industrialization change the way cities developed?


  When factories and machines started, cities grew fast. People moved from the countryside to cities for jobs, which made cities crowded.
• How did industrialization change the way parents raised their children?


  Parents had to change how they raised their kids in the city. Parents spent less time with their children due to jobs.
• Why was it easy for the United States to rise to power in this time period?


  The US became powerful during this time because it had a lot of natural resources and new technology. This helped it grow big industries making it a strong country.
• Industrial espionage


  Industrial espionage is when people steal secrets from other companies. The first spy was Samuel Slater.
• Changes to cities in this time period


  Cities got bigger and dirtier with all the new factories. People moved from farms to cities for jobs. This caused cities to be crowded and not so clean.
• Cotton gin


  A cotton gin is a machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds. It made making cotton much faster and easier But it also made the need for slaves to work on cotton farms go up.