all of paper1

• [1.1]

  What is the charge of an atom?

  An atom has an overall neutral charge.
• [1.1]

  Name the 3 sub-atomic particles.

  The 3 sub-atomic particles are electron, proton and neutron.
• [1.1]

  What is an ion?

  An ion is an atom that has lost/gained electrons and gained a charge.
• [1.2]

  What is an isotope?

  An isotope is a variation of an atom with a different number of neutrons.
• [1.2]

  Give the equation for the relative mass of all isotopes.

  Relative atomic mass = ∑(Isotope abundance x Isotope mass) / 100
• [1.3]

  What is a molecule?

  A molecule is 2 or more atoms that are bonded together chemically.
• [1.3]

  What is a compound?

  A compound is 2 or more different elements that are bonded together chemically.
• [1.3]

  What is a mixture?

  A mixture is 2 or more substances that are not bonded together chemically.
• [1.4]

  What are the 2 types of chemical equation?

  Chemical equations can either be word equations or chemical equations.
• [1.4]

  How are equations balanced?

  By adding whole numbers in front of the molecules to increase their number.
• [1.4]

  Define diatomic.

  A diatomic element is one that naturally occurs in pairs.
• [1.5]

  What is the difference between soluble and insoluble?

  A soluble solid is one that can dissolve in a liquid to form a solution, while an insoluble one cannot dissolve and instead forms a mixture.
• [1.5]

  What are the 2 parts in a solution?

  A solution is made up of the solute (dissolved solid) and the solvent (liquid).
• [1.5]

  Give the method for filtration.

  Filtration:

  - Add a cone-shaped filter paper to a glass beaker

  - Pour the mixture into the funnel
• [1.5]

  Give the method for evaporation.

  Evaporation:

  - Place evaporating dish onto a tripod

  - Add solution to the dish and heat slowly

  - Stop heating once crystals begin to form
• [1.5]

  Give the method for crystallisation.

  Crystallisation:

  - Place evaporating dish onto a tripod

  - Heat slowly in a water bath until crystals begin to form

  - Stop heating and allow crystals to cool and solidify

  - Filter the crystals out using filter paper
• [1.6]

  What is distillation used for?

  Distillation is a method used to separate 1 or more liquids from a solution.
• [1.6]

  What are the 2 types of distillation?

  Distillation can either be simple or fractional.
• [1.6]

  Give the method for the simpler type of distillation.

  Simple distillation:

  - Set up a flask with a bung and thermometer containing the solution

  - Connect flask to a condenser surrounded by a water jacket, leading to a beaker

  - Heat the solution until the liquid has fully evaporated into the beaker
• [1.6]

  Give the 2 ways in which the more complex type of distillation differs from the simpler one.

  Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation as it is repeated for each liquid, and the liquids are evaporated through a fractionating column.
• [1.6]

  What is the purpose of a fractionating column in distillation?

  A fractionating column is filled with cool glass rods, giving it a high surface area and preventing liquids with too high a boiling point to pass through.
• [1.8]

  What are electrons arranged in?

  Electrons are arranged in shells.
• [1.8]

  How many electrons do the first 3 shells in an atom hold?

  The first 3 electronic shells hold 2, 8 and 8 electrons respectively.
• [1.9]

  What does the group number in the periodic table represent?

  In the periodic table, the group number represents how many electrons are in the outermost shell of an element.
• [1.9]

  Why are metals further down the periodic table more reactive?

  Metals further down the period table are more reactive because the outermost electronic shell is further from the nucleus, and so electrons can be lost more easily.
• [1.10]

  Give 3 properties of metals and non-metals.

  Metals tend to be:

  - Higher density

  - Higher boiling/melting points

  - Malleable

  - Conductive

  Meanwhile, non-metals tend to be:

  - Lower density

  - Lower boiling/melting points

  - Brittle

  - Non-conductive
• [1.11]

  Which group is the exception to metallic properties?

  Group 1 (alkali metals) is an exception to the metallic properties, being soft with a low density and low melting/boiling point.
• [1.12]

  What are halogens?


  Group 7 halogens are diatomic and can undergo displacement as well as forming ionic bonds with metals.
• [1.12]

  What are noble gases?

  Group 0 noble gases are inert and do not react with any other elements.
• [2.1]

  Why are ions formed?

  Atoms form ions in order to gain a full outer shell and become stable.
• [2.2]

  What is an ionic bond?

  An ionic bond is the transfer of electrons between 2 or more atoms, forming oppositely charged ions that attract through electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound.
• [2.2]

  Give the 3 features of a dot and cross diagram.

  Dot and cross diagrams have 3 main features:

  - Electrons are represented with a dot or a cross

  - Ions are shown through square brackets

  - Charges for each ion are written in the top right
• [2.3]

  What is an ionic compound?

  An ionic compound is a large, regular structure made up of alternating charge ions.
• [2.3]

  Give 2 features of an ionic compound.

  Ionic compounds have 2 main properties:

  - High boiling/melting point due to strong ionic bonds

  - Conductive when melted or dissolved due to free moving charged ions
• [2.4]

  Name the 2 types of formula.

  Formulas can either be molecular or empirical.
• [2.4]

  What does a molecular formula show?

  A molecular formula shows how many of each atom there actually are within a compound.
• [2.4]

  What does an empirical formula show?

  An empirical formula shows how many of each atom there as a simplified ratio to each other within a compound.
• [2.4]

  Explain how to convert from molecular to empirical formula.

  To convert from molecular to empirical formula:

  - Find the ratio of molecules

  - Simplify the ratio fully

  - Rewrite the formula using the simplified ratio
• [2.4]

  Explain how to convert from empirical to molecular formula.


  To convert from empirical to molecular formula (given the Mr):

  - Find the Mr of the empirical formula

  - Divide the Mr by the empirical Mr

  - Multiply the empirical formula by the result
• [2.5]

  What is a covalent bond?


  A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms that both need to gain electrons, forming a strong bond.