Biol-119-Unit 4

    Cards (183)

    • Population
      All individuals of same species that live and reproduces in same place
    • Population
      • Adapt due to natural selection
      • Abiotic (Nonliving factors)
      • Biotic (Living factors)
    • Population Size
      Number of individuals of population
    • Population Range
      Total area where population lives
    • Population Density
      How crowded or dispersed; size divided by range
    • Population Distribution

      • Random (equal chance of being anywhere, no influence on each other's locations)
      • Clustered (clump together, patchy resources, survival depends on each other)
      • Uniform (evenly spread apart, limited resources, too many will attract predators)
    • Mark and Recapture Method
      1. Capture
      2. Mark
      3. Release
      4. Recapture
      5. Count
    • Mark and Recapture Method

      n=size=marked 1st * 2nd capture/marked in 2nd)
    • Lots of assumptions in Mark and Recapture Method
    • Populations are based on organisms being the same species in the same location at the same time
    • Per capita growth rate

      Rate of population growth per individual
    • Up 40 is bigger deal for population of 20 compared to 500
    • Average offspring per individual
      Dynamic value
    • Constant r
      Rapid growth
    • Continuous Growth

      Organisms born and develop at their own pace and then immediately can reproduce
    • Exponential Growth

      More individuals, more possible reproductions, small population with abundant resources
    • Intrinsic Rate of Increase
      Per capita grown at an instant
    • Discrete Growth
      Number of germinating seeds from one gen determines # organisms in next, one discrete step changing size, seasonally or annual breeding
    • Competition isn't good for either intraspecific (within species) or interspecific (between species)
    • Carrying Capacity, K

      Maximum population size the location can manage, once reached, growth rate decreases
    • Density Dependent Factors
      Birth and Death Rates, Competition, Predation
    • Density Independent Factors

      Weather, Instantaneous change
    • Logistic Growth
      Small population rapidly grows toward r-max, closer to K growth slows, exponential turns logistic
    • Niche
      Combination of physical habitat and role/affect in habitat
    • Fundamental Niche

      Every location that has the conditions so the species could live there, limited by competition and predation
    • Realized Niche

      Where they actually stay, shown by invasive species
    • Phylogenic Niche Conservation
      Tendency to keep aspects of ancestral niches
    • Competition
      Use of mutually needed resource lowers availability to users, lose access to resource, lose energy fighting for it
    • Competitive Exclusion
      2 species can't share exact same niche, move one's territory, extinction
    • Resource Partitioning
      Divide resources between different species to minimize competition, reflects evolutionary diversification
    • Antagonistic Interactions

      • Predation (predator eats prey)
      • Parasitism (eats host tissues)
      • Herbivory (eat plant parts)
    • Mutualism
      Benefits trump costs for both participants, measured by natural selection in reproductive output, still always in self interest
    • Mutualism
      • Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in soybean roots
      • Aphid insects give home for bacteria, bacteria provide essential amino acids
    • Symbiosis
      Close interactions evolved over a long time
    • Mutualism Types

      • Obligate Mutualism (need each other to survive)
      • Facultative Mutualism (can survive without each other)
    • Commensalism
      One benefits, no effect on other participant
    • Amensalism
      One is harmed, no affect on other
    • Facilitation
      One species creates an environment that helps another
    • Community
      All populations of multiple species in same place at same time, characterized by plants and animals
    • Biodiversity
      Number of species, genetic sequences, cell types, metabolisms, communities
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