General Geology

• TROPOSHERE (1) - lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where most types of clouds are founded almost all weather occurs
• STRATOSPHERE (2) - second layer of the atmosphere above troposphere, extends from about 50 km to 300km
• STRATOSPHERE (2)  - composed of stratified temperature layers, with the warm layers of air high in the sky and the cool layers of air in the low sky, close to the planetary surface of the Earth.
• MESOSPHERE (3)  - occupies the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. The temperature decreases as altitude increases.
• THERMOSPHERE (4)  - ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions; the thermosphere thus constitutes the larger part of the ionosphere.
• IONOSPHERE (6)  - upper portion of the earth’s atmosphere which contains free electrons and positive ions produced by solar radiation acting on gaseous atoms and molecules.
• EXOSPHERE (7)  - outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is not gravitationally bound to the Earth but still interacts with it through atmospheric drag.
• EXOSPHERE (7) - The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is so low that the molecules are essentially collision-less.
• CRUST - outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. Our planet's thin, 40-kilometer (25- mile) deep crust-just 1% of Earth's mass-contains all known life in the universe.
• ·        CONTINENTAL - is mostly composed of different types of granites. Geologists often refer to the rocks of the continental crust as "sial." - stands for silicate and aluminum, the most abundant minerals in continental crust.
• OCEANIC - extending 5-10 kilometers (3-6 kilometers) beneath the ocean floor, is mostly composed of different types of basalts. Geologists often refer to the rocks of the oceanic crust as "sima." Sima stands for silicate and magnesium, the most abundant minerals in oceanic crust.
• MANTLE - mostly solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84 percent of Earth's total volume.
• UPPER - mantel extends from the crust to a depth of about 410 kilometers (255 miles). The upper mantle is mostly solid, but its more malleable regions contribute to tectonic activity.
• LOWER - The ___mantle extends from about 660 kilometers (410 miles) to about 2,700 kilometers (1,678 miles) beneath Earth's surface. The lower mantle is hotter and denser than the upper mantle and transition zone.
• CORE - very hot, very dense center of our planet.
• OUTER - the __core, about 2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick, is mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel.
• OUTER - the outer core, about 2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick, is mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel.
• GEOLOGY - This is the study of several sides of geology, earth science, and especially the formation of solar system. This topic clarifies how different types of rock formed.
• Curst - This is the thinnest, and rocky layer.
• Inner Core This layer is the center of the earth, it is 6,000 miles below the crust’s
• Outer Core - This layer is mainly iron and nickel.
• Mantle - This is the layer where it is mostly solid. this is about 2,900 kilometers thick
• Igneous rock - latin word for fire. formed when hot molten rock solidifies.
• Metamorphic rock - formed when rocks changed over period of time.
• Sedimentary rock - often have layering and bedding. it is formed through the exposure of the material to earth’ s surface.
• Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's land masses are in constant motion. The realization that Earth's land masses move was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, which he called continental drift. According to the plate tectonic theory, Earth’s crust is broken into roughly 20 sections called tectonic plates on which the continents ride.
• Pangaea - was a massive supercontinent that formed about 200 million years ago. At that time, Earth didn't have seven continents, but instead one giant one, which was surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa.
• Earth Processes

  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic Eruption
  • Tsunami
  • Landslides
  • Subsidence
  • Floods
  • Droughts
  • Typhoons
  • Tornado
• Earthquakes - shaking of the ground by the sudden movement of rock below earth’s surface
• Tsunami - large waves caused by earthquake underwater
• Volcanic Eruption - expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or molten lava onto the Earth's surface or atmosphere
• Tsunami - series of waves that can move on shore rapidly, last for several hours and cause flood
• Landslides - mass movement of material, such as rock, earth or debris, down a slope
• Subsidence - sudden sinking of the Earth's surface due to removal or displacement of subsurface earth materials
• Weathering - Used for the disintegration and decomposition of the rocks without any significant transportation of the resulting products
• Mechanical Weathering - The breakdown of rocks and minerals without changing their chemical composition.
• Chemical Weathering - Alteration of the chemical composition of rocks and minerals through processes like hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation.
• Biological Weathering - caused by the actions of living organisms, such as roots, fungi, and bacteria. This can include both physical and chemical processes
• River – continuously transferring sediment and water, reshaping the terrain in the process
• Wind – uneven heating of the earth, transports heat, moisture, pollution, and dust, making it a great equalizer of the atmosphere