CIRCULATORY

• Circulatory system


  Carries blood, exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues, transports substances, helps regulate blood pressure, directs blood flow to the tissues

  
• Components of the circulatory system

  • Pulmonary vessels (transport blood from right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium)
  • Systemic vessels (transport blood from left ventricle to body and back to right atrium)

  
• Blood vessel structure


  • Tunica intima (innermost layer, consists of endothelium, basement membrane, connective tissue)
  • Tunica media (middle layer, contains circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers)
  • Tunica adventitia (outer layer, composed of connective tissue)

  
• Main types of blood vessels

  • Arteries-Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Veins- carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • Capillaries- where exchange of substance from the heart and tissue occurs

  
• Pulmonary circulation


  Moves blood to and from the lungs

  
• Systemic circulation


  System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to body tissues and back to the right atrium

  
• Aorta


  Large, elastic artery that is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system; carries blood from left ventricle of heart and passes through thorax and abdomen

  
• Arteries of the head and neck

  • Brachiocephalic artery- 1st vessel to branch out of the aortic arch and not present on the left side of the body.
  • Common carotid and vertebral arteries- head
  • External carotid arteries- mouth and face
  • Internal carotid arteries- brain
• Arteries of the upper limbs

  • Subclavian artery
  • Axillary artery
  • Brachial artery- where blood pressure is taken
  • Radial artery
  • Ulnar artery
• Branches of the thoracic aorta


  • Visceral branches (supply thoracic organs)
  • Parietal branches (supply thoracic wall)
• Branches of the abdominal aorta


  • Visceral branches (celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, suprarenal arteries, testicular/ovarian arteries)
  • Parietal branches (inferior phrenic arteries, lumbar arteries, median sacral artery)
• Arteries of the pelvis


  • Common iliac arteries
  • External iliac arteries (lower libs)
  • Internal iliac arteries (pelvis)
• Arteries of the lower limbs


  • Femoral artery
  • Popliteal artery
  • Anterior tibial artery- dorsalis pedis artery
  • Posterior tibial artery- Fibular (peroneal) artery
• Veins of the head and neck

  • External jugular veins- head and neck into subclavian vein
  • Internal jugular veins- brain, neck, face

  
• Veins of the upper limbs

  • Brachial veins (deep) empty to the axillary vein, subclavian vein
  • Cephalic, basilic, and median cubital veins (superficial) drain the superficial structures and empty into the deep vein
• Veins of the thorax- drain blood from the thorax and return to superior vena cava

  • Azygos vein
  • Right brachiocephalic vein
  • Left brachiocephalic vein

  
• Veins of the abdomen and pelvis

  • Hepatic portal vein to Hepatic veins- transport blood ro liver then inferior vena cava
  • Veins from kidney, glands, and gonads
  • Veins from stomach, intestines, spleen, and pancreas

  
• Veins of the lower limbs

  • Great saphenous vein (superficial)
  • Small saphenous vein (superficial)
  • Deep veins (course with deep arteries)- femoral and popliteal
• Blood pressure


  Measure of the force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls

  
• Systolic pressure


  Period of contraction resulting in the release of blood from the heart

  
• Diastolic pressure


  Relaxation of the heart muscle accompanied by filling the heart with blood
• Auscultatory method


  Most often used by professionals to determine blood pressure, using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer
• Korotkoff sounds


  Turbulence of the blood flow which produces vibrations in the blood and surrounding tissues
• Blood pressure categories for adults

  • Normal (less than 120/80 mmHg)
  • Prehypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg)
  • Stage 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99 mmHg)
  • Stage 2 hypertension (greater than 150/100 mmHg)
• Pulse pressure


  Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
• Resistance


  Related to the diameter of a blood vessel - smaller diameter means greater resistance
• How turbulence happens


  Due to the auscultatory method, as soon as the pressure in the cuff declines below the systolic pressure, blood flows through the constricted area each time the left ventricle contracts. The blood is turbulent immediately downstream from the constricted area.

  
• Blood pressure categories for adults

  • Normal: Less than 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic
  • Prehypertension: 120-139mmHg (S) and 80-89mmHG (D)
  • Stage 1 Hypertension: 140-159mmHg (S) and 89-99mmHg (D)
  • Stage 2 Hypertension: Greater than 150mmHg (S) and 100mmHg (D)
• Blood pressure


  It varies among healthy individuals
• Standard blood pressure


  Males = 120/80, Females = 119/70
• Resistance


  Related to the diameter of a blood vessel, if the diameter is small, resistance is greater
• Veins


  Diameter is large but resistance can still occur when low blood pressure happens
• Pulse pressure


  The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
• Stroke volume (SV) increases


  Systolic pressure increases more than the diastolic pressure increases
• Vascular compliance


  The elasticity of the blood vessel

  
• Arteriosclerosis


  Hardening of the arteries, arteries are less elastic than normal, arterial pressure increases rapidly in these elastic arteries
• Pulse or pressure wave


  The ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, can be felt at locations where large arteries are close to the surface

  
• Capillary exchange


  Where the nutrients diffuse across the capillary walls into the interstitial spaces, and waste products diffuse in the opposite direction
• Blood pressure forces


  The blood OUT of the capillary

  
• Osmosis forces


  The blood INTO the capillary