Logical Fallacy

• Fallacy -an error in one's argument
• Formal Fallacy

  +there is a mistake in the lological structure of the argument 

  +the premise does not logically connect with the conclusion

  +the validity of the statements diminishes
• Informal Fallacy

  +there is no connection between the argument and the supporting evidence +this is usually caused by faulty use of language or irrelevant information
• Circular Reasoning

  returns to the regional statements and does not provide new and relevant justification
• false dilemma

  presents only two choices to choose from when in reality they are not the only choices
• Slippery Slope

  exaggerates the consequences of an event as though it could lead to something disastrous when in fact it is not that dangerous
• Questionable Cause

  states across that is not directly connected to the effect
• Hasty Generalization

  jumping into a conclusion that states evidence that is not insufficient in order to reach a particular conclusion
• Non Sequitur

  presents a connection between the premise and the conclusion that does not make sense or is illogical
• Appeal to authority

  readers are persuaded to believe in an argument just because an expert believes so even if the argument is not really logical
• Appeal to the person

  the statement attacks the person's characteristic and sense action etc of the argument itself
• Straw person

  the argument is treated as something simple when it isn't and that is attack for supposedly being superficial or shallow
• argument to the people

  this appeals to the values and the belief of a person in order to get them to accept an idea
• argument of ignorance

  persuades people to believe in something simply because evidence for or against it does not exist
• argument to pity

  attempts to persuade people by making them pity the persons deplorable situation
• argument by force

  attempts to use force or threats to get people to believe in an idea
• appeal to traditional

  wisdom behaving in an idea or practice simply because it has been the part of a culture for a long time
• appeal to common practice being convinced to do something simply because a lot of people have done it or continue to do it numerous times
• red herring

  evading the issue by diverting the attention of the audience to a different issue or topic
• monologue

  is a speech that presents the words and innermost thoughts of a single Author
• monologist

  a person who delivers a monologue
• Types of monologues

  Soliloguy - Shows the character talking loudly to himself

  Dramatic Monologue -Formal or Informal speech a character gives directly to the audience or another character

  Internal Monologue  -found in written text or in television or movies where the characters thoughts are exposed
• Two types of Fallacy

  formal fallacy

  informal fallacy
• Types of Fallacies of Logos

  circular reasoning

  false dilemma

  slippery slope

  questionable cause

  hasty generalization

  non-sequitur
• Fallacies of Ethos

  appeal to authority

  appeal to the person

  straw person
• Fallacies of Pathos

  argument to the people

  argument of ignorance

  argument to pity

  argument by force

  appeal to traditional wisdom

  appeal to common practice

  red herring