Regulation of body fluids

• Glucose


  One of the most important units in the body as it serves as the primary source of energy. It is crucial for the normal functioning of our brain.
• Glucose homeostasis


  The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves the coordination of various physiological processes to keep essential variables within a narrow range.
• Hormones regulating glucose levels


  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
• Insulin

  Helps maintain blood sugar levels by stopping it from rising too high
• Glucagon


  Helps prevent blood sugar from dropping
• Glucose regulation


  1. Carbohydrates broken down into glucose

  2. Glucose immediately used for energy

  3. Excess glucose converted into glycogen and stored

  4. Stored glycogen converted back into glucose through glucagon action
• Insulin


  • Enables glucose to enter cells throughout the body, providing energy for various functions
• Pancreas


  An organ located behind the stomach that plays a central role in glucose regulation. It contains specialized clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha cells and beta cells.
• Beta cells


  Produce and release the hormone insulin in response to high blood glucose levels
• Alpha cells


  Produce and release the hormone glucagon when blood glucose levels are low
• Liver


  A vital organ involved in multiple metabolic processes, including glucose regulation. It stores glucose in the form of glycogen, which can be broken down into glucose when needed.
• Glycogenolysis


  The process by which the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream when blood glucose levels drop
• Gluconeogenesis


  The process by which the liver generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, ensuring a constant supply of glucose even when dietary intake is limited
• Muscles


  Major consumers of glucose and play an essential role in glucose regulation. They store glucose in the form of glycogen, which can be broken down into glucose when needed.
• Factors affecting glucose levels

  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Stress
• Diet


  The types and amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins consumed directly influence glucose levels. Carbohydrates, especially those with a high glycemic index, can cause a rapid increase in blood glucose levels.
• Exercise


  During exercise, the muscles use glucose as a source of energy, which helps to lower blood glucose levels. Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity, allowing the cells to take up glucose more effectively.
• Stress


  Triggers the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can increase blood glucose levels. Chronic stress can contribute to insulin resistance and impair glucose regulation.
• Monitoring glucose levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage their condition effectively.
• Diabetes Mellitus


  A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. It occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus


  • Type 1 Diabetes
  • Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes


  The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in little to no insulin production. It usually develops in childhood or adolescence and requires lifelong insulin treatment.
• Type 2 Diabetes


  Occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs. It is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, sedentary behavior, and poor dietary choices.
• Hypoglycemia


  Refers to low blood glucose levels, usually below 70 mg/dL. It can occur in individuals with diabetes who take insulin or certain oral medications, or in people without diabetes due to other underlying health conditions or certain medications.
• Causes of Hypoglycemia


  • Medications
  • Excessive physical activity
  • Skipping meals
• Glucose monitoring should be done in consultation with healthcare professionals, who can provide guidance on target ranges and frequency of testing based on individual needs and treatment plans.
• Glucose regulation process


  1. After a meal, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which enters the bloodstream

  2. As blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin, which helps glucose enter the cells of the body, where it can be used for energy or stored as glycogen

  3. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which signals the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream

  4. If blood glucose levels continue to drop, other hormones like cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) are released to help maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range