ETHICS L145

• is a branch of Philosophy that deals with the questions and standards of what is right and what is wrong. ETHICS
• the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience. PHILOSOPHY
• from Greek, by way of Latin meaning love of wisdom. PHILOSOPHIA
• think that human beings discover ethical truths that already have an independent existence. ETHICAL REALISTS
• think that human beings invent ethical truths. ETHICAL NON-REALISTS
• may refer to the standards that a person or a group has about what is right and wrong, or good and evil. MORALITY
• refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations. NON-MORAL STANDARDS
• refer to the rules or set of guidelines that affect the choices of a person and his or her belief system and decision-making process in problems and situations that beg the question of what is morally right and wrong. MORAL STANDARDS
• situations in which a difficult choice must be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle. MORAL DILEMMA
• refers to a situation in which a tough choice must be made between two or more options, especially more or less equally desirable ones. DILEMMA
• This is experienced and resolved on a personal level. Since many ethical decisions are personally made, many, if not most of, moral dilemmas fall under, or boil down to, this level. PERSONAL DILEMMAS
• These dilemmas refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social organizations. This category includes moral dilemmas in business, medical field, and public sector. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMAS
• refers to cases involving a network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms. As they usually encompass multi-sectoral institutions and organizations, they may be larger in scope and extent than organizational dilemmas. STRUCTURAL DILEMMAS
• s based on the idea that there are real objective moral facts or truths in the universe. Moral statements provide facts about those truths. MORAL REALISM
• teaches that moral judgments are nothing more than statements of a person's feelings or attitudes, and that ethical statements do not contain factual truths about goodness or badness. subjectivists say that moral statements are statements about the feelings, attitudes and emotions that person or group has about a particular issue. SUBJECTIVISM
• the view that moral claims are no more than expressions of approval or disapproval. when someone makes a moral judgement, they show their feelings about something. EMOTIVISM
• “I might be making a statement about my own feelings.” SUBJECTIVISM
• “I might be expressing my feelings.” EMOTIVISM
• think that ethical statements are instructions or recommendations. So, if I say something is good, I'm recommending you do it, and if I say something is bad, I'm telling you not to do it. PRESCRIPTIVISM
• It is choosing ethical codes, values, or standards to guide us in our daily lives. Philosophically, choosing is impossible without freedom. Morality is a QUESTION of choice
• means the right to choose to give to charities, donate time and money to schools, mentor children, open businesses, or protest animal cruelty. Morality REQUIRES and ALLOWS choice
• requirement for morality entails that human feelings may be important in ethical decisions, but they ought to be guided by REASON
• involves the idea that everyone's interests and points of view are equally important. IMPARTIALITY
• the only acting being. MAN
• do not act; they only move. ANIMALS
• only proper to man on the basis of intellect, knowledge, freedom, voluntariness and responsibility. ACTION
• Man knows that there are actions considered as right and wrong, good, or bad, actions. TRUE
• Man knows that there are actions that he is obligated to and not obligated to do. TRUE
• Man knows that he must be responsible for his actions, knowing that wrong actions are punishable and right actions are rewardable. TRUE
• actions done consciously and freely by the agent/or by man. HUMAN ACTS
• actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and the will. ACTS OF MAN
• acts not morally accountable: ASLEEP OR UNDER HYPNOSIS, REFLEX ACTIONS, PERFORMED UNDER SERIOUS PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
• Elements of human acts. KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM OF WILL, VOLUNTARINESS
• the awareness by the person of his acts. KNOWLEDGE
• the consenting by the person to do an act out of his own deliberations. VOLUNTARINESS
• refers to the absence in a person of determination in the performance of his acts. FREEDOM OF WILL
• the absence of knowledge needed by man in the performance of an act. IGNORANCE
• the natural inclination of the sense of appetite towards what is consciously perceived as a sensuous evil. CONCUPISENCE or PASSION
• the apprehension of an impending danger and prompts the agent to shrink from threatening evil. FEAR
• the exercise of an outside physical force upon a resisting person to compel him to act against his will. VIOLENCE