Geography

• Instrumental


  Not felt by people, can only be measured using a seismogram
• Weak


  Some people may feel this, they may mistake it for a passing vehicle
• Slight


  Hanging objects may sway
• Moderate


  It could wake some people from deep sleep
• Rather Strong


  Dishes may fall and break
• Strong


  People may be startled by falling unsecured items
• Very Strong


  Ordinary furniture may fall and break
• Destructive


  Non-reinforced buildings will be damaged
• Violent


  Cracks appear in the ground
• Intense


  Bridges may be destroyed
• Extreme


  Total destruction
• Water deficit


  Areas just above the Tropic of Cancer or just below the Tropic of Capricorn
• Water surplus


  Areas distributed unevenly, similar to the distribution of water
• Most of the water deficit is in North Africa, Australia and Saudi Arabia, while there is a water deficit surrounding the Arctic circle
• Countries with a water deficit have a vast enough expanse of ground, meaning transport of water throughout the interior to cities is harder
• Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of minerals by water or air, resulting in changes to the rock's composition.
• Physical weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition.
• The main types of weathering are physical, chemical, and biological.
• Physical weathering occurs when rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical makeup.
• The rate of chemical weathering depends on factors such as temperature, humidity, acidity, and vegetation cover.
• The rate of erosion depends on factors such as climate, vegetation cover, soil type, topography, and human activity.
• Erosion can be caused by wind, ice, running water, waves, and gravity.
• Rainfall intensity affects the amount of rainwater that can penetrate soil and reach bedrock, leading to different types of landforms.
• Biological weathering occurs when plants grow through cracks in rocks, causing them to expand as they absorb moisture, leading to further cracking and fragmentation.
• Climate change has led to increased temperatures, causing more intense precipitation events and faster rates of erosion.
• Rainwater contains carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which dissolves in raindrops and forms weak acidic solutions that can react with some minerals in rocks.
• Examples of physical weathering include frost wedging, thermal expansion/contraction, salt crystallization, and abrasion.
• Acid rain has increased due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels, releasing sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These gases combine with oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere to form acids.
• Frost wedging occurs when ice forms inside cracks in rocks during freezing temperatures, causing them to expand and widen over time.
• Biological weathering refers to the effects of living organisms on rocks and soil.
• Thermal expansion/contraction refers to the process whereby rocks expand as they heat up and contract as they cool down, leading to crack formation.
• Wind erosion occurs when strong winds blow away loose particles from the surface of the earth.
• Rainfall intensity affects erosion rates, with higher intensities leading to more rapid erosion.
• Slope steepness also plays a role in determining erosion rates, with steeper slopes experiencing faster erosion due to increased runoff velocity.
• Water erosion occurs when rainfall washes away sediment and deposits it elsewhere.
• Erosion can be caused by wind, water, ice, gravity, and mass movement.
• Wind erodes loose sediment from hillsides and dunes, while ice breaks up rock surfaces through freeze-thaw action.
• Running water causes mass movement of material along slopes, while waves break apart cliffs and transport sand and gravel.
• Landform is defined as any natural or artificial feature on Earth's surface.
• The rate of chemical weathering depends on factors such as temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and the presence of acids.