Cold War (1941-1991)

• When was the Yalta conference and what was agreed?

  - February 1945

  - Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones

  - Germany forced to pay 20 million reparations
• What were the consequences of the Yalta conference?

  - Showed lack of agreement (e.g. over reparation process)

  - Showed Stalin wanted lots of land and
• When was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?

  - 1943

  - USSR could keep land in Eastern Europe if they won the war (to make Germany weaker)

  - An international organisation would be created (NATO)

  - USA and Britain would launch another attack on Germany so the German army would reduce troops in the East
• What were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?

  - Very good and beneficial for the USSR

  - Gained lots of land
• When as the Potsdam conference and what was agreed?

  - July 1945

  - Germany would be demilitarised

  - There would be democracy

  - Soviets would gain 1/4 of goods made in Western Europe in return for supplying food and coal
• What were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?

  - Lots of disagreements

  - Highlighted the differences between capitalism and communism
• When and where was the atomic bombs 'Little Boy' and 'Fat Man' dropped, and how many people died?

  - 6th August 1945

  - Truman dropped it over Hiroshima and Nagasaki

  - over 120,000
• What were the consequences of the atomic bomb dropping?

  - USSR saw the USA as a great danger/ threat to them and the world

  - Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone' for self defense/protection
• describe the first telegram sent out and when?


  - 1946

  - Long telegram - Kennan sent a detailed telegram about the USSR's attitude towards the USA (that Stalin wanted disruption of capitalism)
• what were the consequences of the Long telegram?


  -USA started 'containment'

  -which meant keeping communism in the USSR only
• Describe the Novikov Telegram and when was it?

  - 1946

  - Novikov telegram

  - Sent by soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR and wanted world domination

  - Showed that America not afraid of war to get their goal
• What were the consequences of the Novikov Telegram

  - USSR felt the need to occupy more land for safety, increased tensions and distrust
• What was the iron curtain speech?

  Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe is divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946 , behind it was USSR controlled countries
• What were the consequences of the Iron curtain speech?

  - Increased tension

  - Both sides had strengthened their forces as protection due to rising tension
• Why were Satellite States made?

  • Buffer zone barrier between Germany and USSR
  • Showed power, strength and control over communist countries
  • Increase of communist influence
• name 5 satellite states and how/when

  -East Germany

  -Poland- 1947 as a communist government

  -Czechoslovakia- 1948 a communist government

  -Hungary - 1949

  -Romania- voted communist after intimidation
• What was the Truman Doctrine?

  - 12th March 1947

  - Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism

  - Promised 13 billion dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey to help post-
• Describe what followed the Truman Doctrine?

  • Marshall plan: US gave impoverished/bankrupt countries (from war) in Eastern Europe (e.g. Greece) 12.7 billion dollars between 1948-52
  • (or) Economic aid to countries hit by war
  • Even offered money to satellite states, Stalin refused - humiliating
• What did Stalin call the Marshall Plan?

  - "Dollar imperialism"

  - He thought it was the USA trying to be more powerful and create an American Empire in Europe which Stalin felt threatened
• What were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?

  • Friendly Grand Alliance was gone
  • USA in direct opposition to USSR
  • Europe divided into West and East
• What was Cominform? When?

  1947- every Eastern Europe country was to follow Stalin's ordered, every country would have a cominform office
• what was Comecon? When?

  -1949

  -no Eastern Europe country could take money from the USA

  -there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party took over all industries
• What were the consequences of Comecon and Cominform?

  - Increased tensions

  - Made international division greater
• What was the Berlin Crisis and when?

  • March 1948
  • USA , Britain and France united their zones in Trizonia
  • They created a currency called Deutshmark
• what was the Berlin Blockade?


  -USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin

  -this stopped food and essentials reaching Trizonia
• When and what was the Berlin Airlift?

  - June 1948 - May 1949

  - America flew in food and resources instead of land since Stalin blocked railways delivering food/

  - There was a risk the plane could've been shot but it didn't happen because that would be an act of war

  - Over 1000 tonnes of food flown in

  - After a year, Stalin removed the blockade in defeat
• what were the consequences of the Berlin Airlift?


  -made Stalin look weak

  -West proved they could success peacefully

  -3 days after, USA, Britain and France officially united
• When and what was NATO?

  • 1949
  • Trizonia - e.g. USA, Britain, France and 9 other counties united
  • From 1949, American troops stationed in Europe
• When and what was the Warsaw Pact?

  • 1955
  • All of Satellite States in pact, lead by the Soviet Union
  • promised support
• Describe the 6 stages of the arms race


  -atomic bomb 1945

  -1949 soviets made their own

  -1950 American Hydrogen Bomb

  -1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb

  -USA ballistic missiles

  -2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
• What occurred under Khrushchev's leadership?

  • He openly criticises Stalin, he suggests peace
  • The reasons as to why people had hope for peace: war in Korea ended, both countries broke from arms race
  • Austria 1955 - meeting had relaxed tensions
• How did the Hungarian Uprising start in 1956?

  - Hungary didnt like Soviet control

  - Nagy made reforms which unsettled Khruschev as he feared other satellite states would replicate Nagy's reforms and lose control over the satellite state
• what were the consequences of these attitudes?


  -protested in Budapest

  -tore down statue of Stalin

  -Scoviets had lack of control
• How did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?

  - Sent the red army to stop the riots, killing many Hungarians and soldiers

  - Tried to please them with a new leader Janos Kadar
• What did Imre Nagy follow?

  - Wanted voting and dictatorship

  - Asked for political prisoners to be freed

  - Asked Khrushchev to remove political troops
• what happened in November 1956 and the consequences?


  -Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact

  -Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy
• When and what was the USSR invasion of Hungary?

  - 4th November 1956

  - Khrushchev sent in the red army to attack rebels - Hungarians fought back + America didn't help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk of going to war
• What were the short term consequences?

  - Uprising failed

  - 20,000 Soviet troops and 1k tanks invades Hungary causing international shock (US condemned actions but didn't help )

  - 20,000 Hungarians killed

  - Nagy and his supporters tried and executed, Nagy was replaced by Janos Kadar
• what were the long term consequences?

  -Khrushchev seemed more powerful

  -new leader in Hungary

  -showed Eastern Europe that America wont help them, made the USA look weak
• what occurred in 1958?

  -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany

  -refugee problem