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Variation and Evolution
Evidence for evolution
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Bacteria evolve quickly as they
reproduce
at a fast rate. (Double every
20
minutes).
Mutations
cause new strains of
bacteria.
Antibiotic
resistance is when certain bacteria will no longer be killed by the antibiotic and will become resistant.
The
4 main stages in the development of antibiotic resistance are:
-Random mutations occur in the genes of individual bacterial
cells.
-Some mutations
protect
the bacterial cell from the effects of the antibiotic.
-Bacteria without the mutation will
die
or cannot
reproduce
when the antibiotic is present.
-Resistant
bacteria can
reproduce
with less competition from normal bacteria strains.
MRSA
is so
dangerous
as it is resistant to most antibiotics..
The number of
MRSA
strains increase.
This has resulted in more
infections
that are
difficult
to control.
Three measures that can prevent the development of antibiotic resistance:
-complete
full course
of antibiotics.
-Only take them when
needed.
-Stop using them in
farming.
The first antibiotic was created in
1928
by
Alexander Fleming.
(Penicillin)
It is derived from
penicillium
mold.
Most antibiotics were discovered in the
1950s
and
60s.
The need for new
antibiotics
is on the rise as more people are becoming
resistant
to the ones we already have.
Two main problems with making new antibiotics is that they are
costly
and take time to
develop.
Wafarin
is the
active
ingredient in rat poison.
Random
mutations
in the genomes of rats have caused some of them to become
resistant
to them.
The number of resistant rats will
increase
whereas the number of non-resistant rats will
decrease.
This is known as survival of the fittest.
Warfarin
no longer works as more and more
rats
are becoming
resistant
to it.
Extinction
is when a species dies out as they have not adapted well to their
environment.
Extinction has a role in evolution as some species
disappear
, whilst others
survive
and continue to
evolve.
6
factors as to why some species go extinct:
-new diseases.
-competition.
-new
predators.
-changes to
environment.
-a
catastrophic event.
(asteroid + volcano eruption)
Fossils show us that some species have gone
extinct
over time.(
dinosaurs
)
Extinction
is still happening today.
Extinction occurs due to
human activity.
The dodo became
extinct
as humans went to the island where the dodos were and they ate them. Dodos were easy to catch as
prey
as they could not fly.
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