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Anatomy final
urinary system chapter 27
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Urinary System
General structure and functions
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Functions
of the Urinary System
Storage of urine
Excretion of urine
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of ion levels
Regulation of erythrocyte production
Regulation of acid-base balance
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Kidneys
Location:
retroperitoneal
, superior pole at
T12
, inferior pole at L3
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Kidneys
Each kidney has a
hilum
(concave medial border where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect)
Continuous with an internal space called the
renal sinus
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Tissue
layers surrounding each kidney
Fibrous capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia
Paranephric fat
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Renal Cortex and Medulla
Kidney is divided into an
outer renal cortex
and an
inner renal medulla
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Renal
Columns
Extensions of
renal cortex
that project into medulla and subdivide it into
renal pyramids
(8-15)
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Renal
Papilla
Apex (tip) of a renal
pyramid
that projects into a
minor
calyx
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Urine
Collection
1. Minor calyces fuse to form
major
calyces
2. Major calyces fuse to form the
renal pelvis
3.
Renal pelvis
collects urine and transports it into the
ureter
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Kidney
Lobes
A kidney has 8 to
15
renal lobes
Each lobe consists of a renal
pyramid
and cortical tissue immediately surrounding the
pyramid
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Blood
Supply to the Kidney
1.
Renal
arteries branch into
segmental
arteries
2.
Segmental
arteries branch into
interlobar
arteries
3.
Interlobar
arteries branch into arcuate arteries
4.
Arcuate
arteries give off interlobular arteries
5.
Interlobular
arteries extend afferent arterioles that enter
renal corpuscles
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Glomerulus
A tuft of capillaries within the
renal corpuscle
where
plasma
is filtered
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Blood Drainage from the Kidney
1.
Efferent arterioles
branch into peritubular capillaries and
vasa recta
2. Peritubular capillaries and
vasa recta
drain into interlobular veins
3.
Interlobular
veins merge to form arcuate
veins
4.
Arcuate
veins merge to form interlobar
veins
5.
Interlobar
veins merge to form the
renal vein
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Renal
Plexus
Mass of
sensory
and autonomic fibers that innervate the
kidney
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Nephron
The
functional filtration unit
of the kidney, consisting of a
renal corpuscle
and a renal tubule
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Types
of Nephrons
Cortical
nephrons (85% of total)
Juxtamedullary
nephrons (15% of total)
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Urine Formation
1. Filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
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Renal
Corpuscle
Bulbous
part of the nephron composed of a glomerulus and a
glomerular capsule
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Proximal
Convoluted Tubule
Begins at the tubular pole of the
renal corpuscle
, with walls composed of
simple cuboidal epithelium
with tall microvilli
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Nephron
Loop
Extends from the cortex into the medulla, containing a
descending
limb and an
ascending
limb
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Distal
Convoluted Tubule
Sits in the
renal cortex
, secretes K+ and H+ and responds to ADH and
aldosterone
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Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus
Collection of structures associated with the
nephron
that help regulate
blood pressure
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Components
of the Urinary Tract
Ureters
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
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Ureters
Fibromuscular
tubes that conduct urine from the
kidneys
to the urinary bladder
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Urinary Bladder
Main function is storage of urine, located
posterior
to the
pubic symphysis
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Tunics
of the Urinary Bladder
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
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Micturition
The expulsion of urine from the bladder, controlled by the micturition reflex
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Urethra
Fibromuscular tube that conducts
urine
from the
bladder
to the exterior of the body
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Segments
of the Male Urethra
Prostatic
urethra
Membranous
urethra
Spongy
urethra
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Urinary tract infections are more common in
females
due to a
shorter
urethra
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Kidney infections can spread from
urinary tract
infections
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Renal calculi
(kidney stones) are crystallizations of calcium,
magnesium
or uric acid salts, usually less than 5 mm in diameter
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