ppt circulatory system

• Circulatory System

  Responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs via the arteries, and transporting deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs via the veins
• Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells
  • Transports carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells
  • Helps in the coagulation process
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Assists in fighting diseases
• Main Components of the Circulatory System

  • Cardiovascular System (heart, blood vessels, blood)
  • Lymphatic System (lymph, lymph nodes, vessels)

  
• Heart

  Hollow muscular organ with four chambers, surrounded by a thin, fluid-filled sac called pericardium
• Heart

  • Size: same size of a person's clenched fist
  • Layers: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

  
• Epicardium


  Thin, watery membrane on the outer layer of the heart, covers the heart and is attached to the pericardium

  
• Pericardium


  Membrane that encloses the heart and the roots of the major heart vessels, protects the heart and prevents friction during heart contractions

  
• Parietal pericardium


  Consists of dense connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position within the thoracic cavity

  
• Visceral pericardium


  Envelopes the heart and forms epicardium which is the most superficial layer of the heart

  
• Myocardium


  Thick layer of cardiac muscle in the middle layer of the heart, pumps blood into the arteries by contracting
• Endocardium


  Thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart, lines the valves and interior chambers

  
• Chambers of the Heart

  • Right Atrium (receives deoxygenated blood from the body)
  • Right Ventricle (receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery)
  • Left Atrium (receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle)
  • Left Ventricle (receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta)
• Right AV (atrioventricular) valve

  Tricuspid valve located between the RA and RV, closes as the RV contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the RA
• Left AV (atrioventricular) valve


  Bicuspid or mitral valve located between the LA and LV, closes as the LV contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the LA
• Interatrial Septum


  Partition that separates the RA from the LA
• Interventricular Septum

  Separates the RV from the LV
• Coronary Circulation


  Receives blood supply through the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart
• Blood Flow through the Heart

  Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81
• Functions of the Heart

  • Cardiac Cycle (systole and diastole)
  • Electrical Conduction System (sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium)
  • ECG/electrocardiogram (graphical representation of the cardiac cycle's activity)
  • Heart Sounds ("Lubb" and "Dupp")
  • Heart Rate and Cardiac Output
  • Pulse
  • Blood Pressure
• Disorders of the Heart

  • Angina pectoris
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Bacterial endocarditis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Pericarditis
• Diagnostic Tests for Heart Disorders

  • Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
  • Cholesterol
  • Creatine Kinase (CK)
  • Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
  • Digoxin
  • ECG
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme
  • Microbial Cultures
  • Myoglobin
  • Potassium
  • Triglycerides
  • Troponin T (TnT)
• Vascular System


  The loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body
• Divisions of the Vascular System


  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
• Structures of the Vascular System


  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
• Blood Vessel Structure


  • Layers: Tunica adventitia, Tunica media, Tunica intima
  • Lumen
  • Valves
• Disorders of the Vascular System


  • Aneurysm
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Embolism
  • Embolus
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Phlebitis
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Thrombus
  • Varicose veins
• Diagnostic Tests of the Vascular System


  • D-dimer
  • Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
  • Lipoproteins
  • Prothrombin Time (PT)
  • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
  • Triglycerides
• Major Constituents and Functions of Blood Cells


  • Arterial Blood
  • Venous Blood
  • Plasma
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
• Blood Typing


  Determined by the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, important for blood transfusions to avoid agglutination
• ABO Blood Group System


  Classifies blood as A, B, O, or AB based on the presence of antigens A and B on the red blood cells
• Rh Blood Group System


  Classifies blood as Rh positive or Rh negative based on the presence of the D antigen on the red blood cells, important in obstetrics
• Blood Specimens


  • Serum
  • Plasma
  • Whole blood
• Blood Disorders


  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
• ABO Blood Group System


  Classification based on the presence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells. Patient's blood could be classified as A, B, O, or AB (universal patients).
• Rh Blood Group System


  System of classification of primary importance in obstetrics because of the hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Based on the "D" antigen or the Rh factor. Rh positive (Rh+) have red blood cells that have the D antigen while the Rh negative (Rh -) does not have the D antigen.
• Compatibility and cross-match is necessary to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient's blood because an individual who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal if they encounter the D antigen.
• Blood Specimen Types


  • Serum
  • Plasma
  • Whole blood
• Blood Disorders


  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Polycythemia
  • Thrombocytosis
  • Thrombocytopenia
• Diagnostic Tests for Blood Disorders


  • ABO & RH type
  • Bone marrow examination
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • Cross-match
  • Differential (diff)
  • Eosinophil (Eos) count
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • Ferritin
  • Hematocrit (Hct)
  • Hemoglabin (Hb or Hgb)
  • Hemogram
  • Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Reticulocyte (retic) count
  • Total iron-b-nding capacity (TIBC)
• Lymphatic System


  Network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body. Main function is to transport white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes.