Sectional Anatomy Ch.1

• Landmark: aortic arch

  2.5 cm below jugular notch
• Landmark: aortic bifurcation

  L4-L5
• Landmark: carina

  T4-T5, sternal angle
• landmark: carotid bifurcation

  upper boarder of thyroid cartilage
• landmark: celiac trunk

  4cm above transpyloric plane
• landmark: circle of Willis

  suprasellar cistern
• landmark: common iliac vein bifurcation

  upper margin of sacroiliac joint
• landmark: conus medullaris

  T12-L1, L2
• landmark: heart-apex

  5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
• landmark: heart-base

  level of 2nd and 3rd costal cartilages behind sternum
• landmark: inferior mesenteric artery

  4 cm above bifurcation of abdominal aorta
• landmark: inferior vena cava

  L5
• landmark: portal vein

  posterior to pancreatic neck
• landmark: renal arteries

  anterior to L1, inferior to superior mesenteric artery
• landmark: superior mesenteric artery

  2cm above transpyloric plane
• landmark: thyroid gland

  thyroid cartilage
• landmark: vocal cords

  midway between superior and inferior border of thyroid cartilage
• What cavities are in the dorsal body cavity? What parts are in those cavities?

  cranial (brain) and spinal (spinal cord and vertebra)
• What body cavities are in the ventral body cavity?

  Thoracic and abdominopelvic
• What are the 2 subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

  mediastinum and pleural
• What organs are found in the RUQ?

  right lobe of liver,

  gallbladder,

  right kidney,

  portion of the stomach,

  small intestine, and

  large intestine
• What organs are found in the RLQ?

  cecum,

  appendix,

  portions of the small intestine,

  right ureter,

  right ovary, and

  right spermatic cord
• What organs are found in the LUQ?

  left lobe of the liver,

  stomach,

  tail of pancreas,

  left kidney,

  spleen, and

  portions of the large intestine.
• What organs are found in the LLQ?

  most of the small intestine,

  portions of the large intestine,

  left ureter,

  left ovary, and

  left spermatic cord
• MPR


  Multiplanar reformation - images that are stacked and reconstructed to create the view of another plane through the cube
• CPR


  Curved planar reformation - images resulting from an arbitrary curved projection through the cube
• SSD


  Shaded surface display - 3D image where a threshold is established and every voxel with a higher value than the threshold is opaque
• MIP


  Maximum intensity projection - 3D image where only the brightest voxels are shown in the final image because the camera stops at the voxel with maximum signal intensity
• VR

  Volume rendering - 3D image that is repeated to determine the pixel value of the final image, from the sum of each voxel along the course of the ray from the camera's viewpoint
• define window width


  the parameter of the grayscale that limits the number of shades of gray
• define window level 


  the center of the grayscale which establishes the density of the image
• voxel vs pixel 


  pixel is an individual region of an image (2D), voxel is a stack of pixels (3D)
• Differentiate between 2D and 3D images

  3D images are stacks of 2D images that show depth, use ray tracing, and provide a fuller view of the patient
• translational shifts


  vertical

  lateral

  longitudinal
• rotational shifts


  roll

  pitch

  yaw/rotation
• vertical 


  anterior/posterior
• lateral


  left/ right
• longitudinal 


  superior/inferior
• roll


  left/ right
• pitch


  anterior/ posterior