Week 2

• What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

  1. Drains tissue spaces and interstitial fluid, filters it, and returns it to the bloodstream.
  2. Absorbs fat and transports them to the bloodstream
  3. Major role in body's defense and immunity
• List the lymphatic organs

  spleen, thymus, tonsils, thoracic duct, and right lymphatic duct
• spleen function


  filters blood, removes old RBCs, makes lymphocytes, and stores blood
• thymus function


  more active in peds immunity, gets smaller as we enter adulthood, where T lymphocytes mature
• tonsils (parts and function)

  pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual. Function: produce lymphocytes to protect us from foreign body infiltration
• thoracic duct


  serves the lower extremities, abdomen, left arm, and left side of the head and neck, then drains into the left subclavian vein
• right lymphatic duct 


  only serves the right arm and right side of the head and neck then drains into the right subclavian vein
• Kyphosis


  excessive convex posterior curvature (hunchback)
• lordosis


  excessive lumbar curvature (butt out)
• Scoliosis


  abnormal lateral curvature
• spondylolisthesis


  one of the spine's vertebrae slips forward over the vertebrae beneath it
• What is the function of the thorax skeleton?

  encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdomen & provides support for pectoral gridle and upper extremities
• what is included in the thorax axial skeleton?

  sternum, costal cartilage, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
• Angle of Louis


  level of T4
• Suprasternal notch (SSN)


  level of T2
• vertebrosternal ribs 


  T1-T7
• Vertebrochondral ribs


  T8-T10
• floating ribs


  T11-T12
• How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

  33 total: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 (fused) sacral, 4 (fused) coccygeal
• What are the primary vertebral curves?

  thoracic curve & pelvic
• What are the compensatory or secondary vertebral curves?

  Cervical & lumbar curves.
• What are bones do not have sutures?

  mandible and ossicles
• How many bones in the skull?

  22 total. 8 cranial, 14 facial
• What are the nonionizing imaging studies?

  MRI & ultrasound
• What are the ionizing imaging studies?

  conventional radiography, CT, and PET
• Conventional radiography


  2D image (x-rays)

  quick images

  expose pt to radiation

  best for identifying bone cancers
• CT


  3D image,

  give anatomic and spatial relationship of pt's organs

  4 basic densities

  10-20 times more detailed than x-rays

  exposes pt to radiation
• what are the 4 densities in a CT?

  1. bone-white, HU +1,000, dense
  2. water-dark gray, HU 0, midpoint, not too dense
  3. air-black, HU -1,000, not dense (photons travel through)
  4. fat/blood-light gray
• Nuclear Medicine imaging


  PET & PET/CT

  3D

  radioisotopes are given to pt for info on structure and function of organs

  helpful to see blood flow through the brain and heart, Dx coronary artery disease, extent of heart attack or stroke, and many cancers

  expose pt to radiation

  ensure elimination of radioisotopes
• MRI


  3D

  very detailed soft tissue image

  shows cellular acitivity based on H nuclei or magnets

  noninvasive biopsy ability d/t ability to give info about chemicals in an organ or tissue

  more expensive, low throughput, and costly shielding requirements
• ultrasounds

  2D,

  determine location of internal organs

  uses high-frequency sound waves

  inexpensive, noninvasive, painless, non-ionizing

  does not effectively penetrate bone or air-filled spaces
• Hypersthenic 


  short, wide trunk, heavy skeletal framework, great body weight, high alimentary tract
• Sthenic


  50% of population

  well built individuals

  heavy skeletal framework

  high alimentary tract, but lower stomach
• Asthenic 


  10% of population,

  slender physique (skinny), light body weight

  light skeletal framework

  long narrow lungs

  pelvis with great capacity

  LOWEST alimentary tract
• Hyposthenic 


  35% of population,

  average physique

  abdominal cavity b/w sthenic and asthenic
• Why are there more afferent than efferent lymph vessels?

  to give filter lymph more effectively