Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry


  The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon compounds
• Carbon


  • Can form four covalent bonds
  • Can form triple bond
  • Is not part of the halogen group
  • Enables the formation of over 20 million organic compounds

  
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons


  • Alkane
  • Alkene
  • Alkyne

  
• Alkane


  Hydrocarbon containing single covalent bonds, known as saturated hydrocarbons

  
• Alkene


  Also known as olefins
• Alkyne


  Hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

  
• Benzene


  Not an aliphatic hydrocarbon
• Combustion by-products


  Carbon dioxide and water
• Functional group


  The group of molecules largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule
• Ethanol


  A constituent of alcoholic beverages
• Number of carbon atoms


  Increases the number of isomers
• Halogenation


  One or more hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine, chlorine, or bromine
• Esters


  Functional group associated with pleasant aroma
• Aldehyde


  Functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond

  
• Formaldehyde


  Aqueous solution used to preserve animal specimens
• Ether


  General formula: ROR
• Acetone


  Organic compound commonly used as a solvent in nail polish removers
• Carboxylic acid


  General formula: RCOOH

  
• Saponification


  Common reaction of esters with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce an alcohol and carboxylic acid
• Octyl acetate

  Responsible for the oranges' odor
• Polymers


  Long chains of many molecules
• Addition polymerization


  1. Free radicals produced when initiator molecule heated

  2. Unpaired electrons seek molecules to pair up

  3. Pairing up of electrons continue to form long chains

  4. Process gets terminated when long chains formed
• Length of monomer chains

  Longer chains result in stronger polymers
• Which of the following is not an asymmetric polymer?

  tetrafluoroethylene

  
• Polypropylene


  Polymer formed when hydrogen of ethene is replaced by methyl group

  
• Phenyl


  A benzene ring less one hydrogen atom

  
• Polytetrafluoroethylene


  Polymer formed when all hydrogen atoms in ethylene are replaced by fluorine

  
• Condensation polymerization


  Water is a by-product
• Pendant


  Atoms or small groups of atoms attached to the long chain polymer
• Atactic arrangement


  • Substituents occur randomly
  • They do not pack well
  • They are rubbery, not crystalline, and are relatively weak
• Polyester


  Polymer formed when a monomer with two carboxylic acid groups reacts with a monomer containing two hydroxyl groups
• Thermosets


  Made up of linear chains that are cross-linked
• Isotactic


  Pendant groups or substituents are all on the same side of the polymer chain
• Nylon


  Formed from monomers with carboxylic acid and amine functional groups
• Polarizability


  The ease with which the electron distribution can be distorted
• Electronegativity


  The tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself
• Magnitude of an ion

  The higher the magnitude, the stronger the ion dipole force
• Atactic


  Arrangement where all the pendant groups or substituents are on the same side of the polymer chain
• Isotactic


  Arrangement where all the pendant groups or substituents are on the same side of the polymer chain
• Syndiotactic


  Arrangement where all the pendant groups or substituents are alternating on the polymer chain