Operant Conditioning

• A learning model in which a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences

  Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning is also known as?

  Instrumental learning
• The ABCs of Operant Conditioning?

  Antecedent, Behavior, Consequences
• Prevailing conditions happening to environment that gives rise to behavior of the organism?

  Antecedent
• Anything organism does that can directly be measured?

  Behavior
• Strengthened or weakened of the occurrence of a behavior

  Consequence
• what are the 2 operant conditioning procedure?

  Reinforcement, Punishment
• Increasing the strength or occurrence of a behavior due to its consequence?

  Reinforcement
•  is a stimulus to increase the behavior?

  Reinforces
• Reinforce is not a Reward? True or False

  True
• adding something pleasurable?

  Positive reinforcement
• something negative is taken out in the learning situation in order to increase the probability of the behavior from reccuring?

  Negative reinforcement
• Decreasing the strength or occurrence of a behavior due to its consequence?

  Punishment
• weakened the behavior of the organism?

  Punisher
• added to situation?

  Positive Punishment
• something positive is taken out in the situation?

  Negative punishment
• The rules of describing the delivery of reinforcement?

  Schedules of Reinforcement
• what are the 2 type of schedules of reinforcement?

  Continuous reinforcement schedule and Intermittent/partial reinforcement schedule
• The simplest of all schedules?

  Continuous Reinforcement schedule
• It is when reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not to others?

  Intermittent/Partial reinforcement schedule
• A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs?

  Continuous reinforcement schedule
• what are the 4 categories of intermittent schedules?

  Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
• Behavior is reinforced when it has occurred a number of times?

  Fixed Ratio
• The number of behavior required for reinforcement varies around an average?

  Variable Ratio
• Behavior is reinforced after a constant interval?

  Fixed Interval
• A variable amount of time passes between each reinforcement?

  Variable Interval
• What are the applications of operant conditioning?

  Animal Training, Education, Parenting, Gambling Behavior, Learned helplessness, Learned Industriousness, Superstitious Behavior
• the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior?

  Shaping
•  The process of training an organism to perform a behavior?

  Chaining
• Breakdown the task is also known as?

  Task analysis
• A procedure whereby a child is placed in a different, less-rewarding situation whenever he/she/it/they exhibits inappropriate behavior?

  Time-out
• Maintained by VR schedule?

  Gambling behavior
• Who performed the dog in a chamber experiment on learned helplessness?

  Martin Seligman and J. Bruce Overmier
• The tendency to work hard at difficult tasks for a prolonged period when high level of effort & persistence are reinforced?

  Learned Industriousness
• Any behavior that occurs even though it does not produce its intended consequences?

  Superstitious Behavior
• CRITICISM OF BEHAVIORISM

  1. Highly Theoretical

  2. Human beings as automatons

  3. Knowledge base is mostly from studies with animals
• WHY IS OPERANT CONDITIONING IMPORTANT?

  ⁃ Operant conditioning extends the scope of learning for human beings

  ⁃ Many of our behaviors and characteristics are products of operant conditioning

  ⁃ Just like classical conditioning, operant learning serves an adaptive value for us human

  beings
• We should realize that most of the serious problems confronting our society are fundamentally behavior problems.
• Once we recognize that, we then realize that we can prevent, solve, or at least improve these problems by changing behavior
• A science of behavior change, of learning, becomes critically important and suggests certain solutions