SAS 1 2nd Long Exam

• Psychology of Science


  An emerging field that sets out to empirically investigate the full range of psychological processes behind scientific behavior, interest, talent, and creativity
• Sigmund Freud's lifespan

  May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939
• Sigmund Freud


  Born of a Jewish family at Freiberg, Moravia, claims to be his mother's favorite, married Martha Bernays with whom he had six children, Anna was his favorite
• Core assumptions of Psychoanalysis

  • Primary of the unconscious
  • Psychic causality
  • Critical importance of childhood experiences
• Basic human drives

  Sex and aggression, social order would be impossible unless these drives are controlled, Neuroses is a feeling or personality disturbances caused by repressing these drives, Libido = Sex drive
• Freud believed that the sex drive is present even in young infants and that it leads to constant tension between the individual and society
• Freud's Topographic Model of the Mind

  • Conscious
  • Preconscious
  • Unconscious
• Conscious


  Current awareness
• Preconscious


  All the information that is not currently 'on our mind' but we could bring into awareness, like recalling what we had for dinner last night
• Unconscious


  Storehouse of impulses, unacceptable wishes, desires, and other anxiety-producing materials that could affect our thought and behavior, like our bad habits, anxiety and many more
• Freud's Methods of Studying the Unconscious

  • Free Association
  • Dream Analysis
  • Freudian Slip
• Free Association


  Allowing patients to say whatever came into their minds without regard to logic or propriety
• Hysteria


  A disorder characterized by a certain body part mostly for females only, Hysteria = ovary, Misplaced ovary and needs to be pushed back into place
• Katharsis


  Emotional expression and release brought about by talking of problems
• Dream Analysis


  Allowing patients to record and describe their dreams
• Freudian Slip


  Slip of the tongue, an unconscious error or oversight in writing, speech, or action that is held to be caused by unacceptable impulses breaking through psychic defenses and exposing the individual's true wishes or feelings
• Psychosexual Stages of Development


  • Oral stage
  • Anal stage
  • Phallic stage
  • Latency stage
  • Genital stage
• Erogenous Zones


  Parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development
• Fixation


  Being stuck at a particular stage of development that stem from too much or too little gratification of erogenous zones associated with a particular stage
• Oral stage


  Dependency toward autonomy, age range 0-18 months, associated character trait: Dependency
• Anal stage


  Control over one's body, age range 18-36 months, associated character trait: Obsessiveness
• Phallic stage


  Acquiring gender role behavior, age range 3-6 years old, associated character trait: Competitiveness
• Latency stage


  Invested in tasks and activities, age range 6 years old - Puberty, associated character traits: None
• Genital stage


  Mature sexuality, intimacy, age range Puberty onwards, associated character traits: None
• Manifest Content


  The surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer
• Latent Content


  The hidden or unconscious meaning of the dream
• Oedipus Complex


  Developing an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a feeling of rivalry toward the parent of the same sex, Males: Castration anxiety and identification with the father, Females: Penis envy and identification with the mother
• Freud's Structural Model of Personality

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
• Id


  Seat of drives, instincts, and biological impulses; operates on the pleasure principle
• Ego


  Represents the logical, reality-oriented aspect of personality; operates on the reality principle
• Superego


  Internalized representation of values and morals of society; akin to conscience or set of moral guidelines and prohibitions
• Defense Mechanisms

  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
  • Regression
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Projection
• Repression


  Preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness
• Displacement


  Releasing pent-up feelings on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings
• Sublimation


  Channeling frustrated sexual energy into socially acceptable activities
• Regression


  Reverting to an earlier developmental level
• Rationalization


  Using contrived explanations to conceal or disguise unworthy motives for one's behavior
• Reaction Formation

  Preventing the awareness or expression of unacceptable desires by an exaggerated adoption of seemingly opposite behavior
• Projection


  Attributing one's unacceptable motives or characteristics to others
• Psychoanalysis is a well-guarded fortress, and most psychologists had little interest in scaling its walls