Lesson 7

• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), disasters occur worldwide and require prevention, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
• Two sources of Disasters:

  • Natural Causes
  • Human Causes
• Because disasters involve people, WHO’s model for describing disasters includes vulnerability, hazards, and trigger events
• Vulnerability for disasters includes:

  • Poverty
  • Access to Resources
  • Illness and Disability
• Pressures that affect these vulnerabilities include lack of institution and education opportunities.
• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies stress that disasters disrupt communities and societies.
• a formula that sums up disasters in a visual way.

  (Vulnerability + Hazard) / Capacity = Disaster
• According to Redlener, the events of 9/11 spurred efforts to upgrade the United States’s ability to plan for disasters.
• The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created after the attack of 9/11 and remains part of the U.S. culture
• In 2016, the DHS expanded its duties to include preventing cyberattacks.
• This function of disaster preparedness includes a public awareness campaign called Stop.Think.Connect.
• Meaning of FEMA

  Federal Emergency Management Agency
• FEMA currently includes a Center for Faith and Neighborhood Partnerships as part of its ability to include a broader base of support for disaster prevention and recovery efforts.
• This PHPR system of 150 laboratories can assist in identifying threats and providing information on prevention and treatment
• Although not a government agency, The American Red Cross (ARC) is a major resource for disaster response information.
• Where is the ARC inspired by?

  Swiss International Red Cross Movement
• When was the Arc founded?

  1881
• American Red Cross - a non-profit humanitarian organization founded in 1881.
• The Philippine Red Cross - A non-government agency, but is a major resource for disaster response information
• ETHIC ISSUES AND NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE

  • social justice
  • resources and ethics
• Roberts and DeRenzo - suggest that ethical responsibility begins with the plan itselg
• A constant theme in Roberts and DeREnzo's work:

  • utilitarianism
  • deontology
• utilitarianism - Maximize the good for the most people. § For inst
• deontology - Upholding ethical duties and fairness
• Triage - It also provides a tool for disaster responders to assist in bringing order in a chaotic situation.
• Triage - It allows decisions about intervention and treatment when limitations in treatment exist.
• Triage - It is the prioritization of patient care or victims during a disaster based on illness/injury, severity, prognosis, and resource availability.
• Immediate (Red) - Individuals with critical, life-threatening injuries or illnesses.
• Deceased (Black) - Indicates an individual is deceased or mortally wounded
• Delayed (Yellow) - Serious injuries that require immediate attention
• Minor (Green) - Indicates less serious or minor injuries that are non-life-threatening
• Reilly and Markenson - Note that there are many systems for triage, including one specifically for children and CareFlight.
• Common Categories of the Coding System According to Reilly and Markenson:

  • Immediate
  • Delayed
  • Minimal
  • Expectant
  • Death
• What book did Meyer and Kunreuther wrote?

  The Ostrich Paradox
• The Ostrich Paradox - provide information about how brain physiology and factors affect individuals’ decisions with respect to preparation for potential disasters.
• Six cognitive biases related to decision-making under uncertainty:

  • myopia
  • amnesia
  • optimism
  • inertia
  • simplification
  • herding
• Myopia - A tendency to focus on short-term horizons.
• AMNESIA - tendency to too quickly forget things that have happened in the past
• OPTIMISM - tendency to underestimate the likelihood that losses will occur and think “bad things won’t happen to me”
• INERTIA - tendency to prefer to maintain the status quo, or to “do nothing”.