LVOT + IV

• Covert prestige


  The status speakers get from a social group when they choose not to adopt a standard dialect
• Overt prestige


  The status speakers get from using the most official and standardized form of language, e.g. using RP and standard English
• Mixed mode


  Features of printed text mixed with features of spoken language
• Political correctness


  Words or phrases used to replace those that are deemed offensive
• Obsolete


  No longer having any use
• Emoticons


  The online means of showing facial expressions and gestures
• Omission


  The leaving out of a phoneme in a group of phonemes clustered together, e.g. the clipping of the final consonant in 'hangin'
• Eye-dialect


  A way of spelling words that suggests a regional or social way of talking
• LEXIS


  • Borrowing/loan words
  • Clipping
  • Initialism
  • Acronym
  • Eponym
  • Archaism
  • Latinate lexis
• Borrowing/loan words


  Introduction of words from one language to another (can be Anglicised or remain similar to original spelling + pronunciation)
• Clipping


  A new word made from shortening an existing one
• Initialism


  A word made from initial letters each being pronounced
• Acronym


  A lexicalised word made up from the initial letters of a phrase sounded as a word
• Eponym


  Name of a person after whom something is named
• Archaism


  An old word or phrase no longer in general spoken or written language
• Latinate lexis


  Often polysyllabic and complex-sounding, often begin with prefixes like 'in-', 'im-', 'ex-', 'de-', 'ad-', 'ab-', 'ob-', and often end with suffixes like '-ate', '-ous', '-or', '-us', '-um', '-ude', '-ia', '-ic', '-ile
• SEMANTICS


  • Amelioration
  • Pejoration
  • Weakening
  • Narrowing
  • Broadening
  • Metaphor
  • Euphemism
  • Idiom
• Amelioration


  Changing the word's definition from negative to positive
• Pejoration


  Changing the word's meaning from positive to negative
• Weakening


  When words lose some of their original force or strength, e.g. 'soon' now means 'in the near future' but used to mean 'immediately'
• Narrowing


  The word becomes more specific in its meaning, e.g. 'meat' originally meant 'food in general', but now applies to 'animal flesh'
• Broadening


  When the meaning of a word broadens, so that it retains its old meaning but takes on added meaning as well, e.g. 'holiday' meant 'holy day' a day of religious importance, but now means 'a day where one does not have to work'
• Metaphor


  Words often acquire new meanings because they begin to be used metaphorically, e.g. 'onion bag' refers to the net of a goal in football as well as a bag of onions
• Euphemism


  A mild or inoffensive way of describing something distasteful or unpleasant, e.g. 'civilian casualties' are 'collateral damage'
• Idiom


  Sayings that don't make sense if you literally interpret them, e.g. 'it's raining cats and dogs'
• GRAMMAR


  • Suffixes
  • Prefixes
  • Affixation
• Suffixes


  Addition of bound morphemes to the end of the root word
• Prefixes


  Addition of a bound morpheme to the beginning of a root word
• Affixation


  The addition of bound morphemes to an existing word
• For Language Variation there are no specific terms which relate to this section of the paper, but you will need to revise your glossaries focusing on general terms under Lexis & Semantics, Grammar, Phonology, Discourse, Register and Graphology
• Jean Aitchison: Language Change: Progress or Decay: Main reasons for phonological change are Ease of Articulation and Social Prestige + changes in Society
• Ease of Articulation: Saying words easier via abbreviation and Omission e.g. 'mobile' not 'mobile telephone'
• Some would view ease of articulation as laziness rather than inevitable progress
• The Great Vowel Shift 1400-1600 where sounds of vowels changed e.g. 'sight' pronounced with 'ee' sound in modern 'meet'
• Social Prestige + changes in Society: People move around more + mass communication= less regional variation
• Impact of Radio + TV grown over recent decades + informalisation of these media has affected spoken language
• Estuary English


  Term used in the 1980s by David Rosewarne in articles describing effect of London accents spreading though counties adjoining them along the Thames
• Estuary English


  Mixing ordinary London and south-eastern accents with RP, seen as RP's possible successor as the Standard English pronunciation
• Estuary English


  Conforms to Standard English grammatically + lexically but has distinct phonology including glottal stops, l-vocalisation, and yod coalescence
• Unlike Cockney, Estuary English does not include h-dropping or th-fronting