genbio exam reviewer: the finale :)

• one gene-one enzyme hypothesis - each gene controlled the production of a single protein
• one gene-one protein hypothesis - many proteins are structural proteins, not enzymes
• one gene-one polypeptide - some proteins consist of several polypeptide chains
• Human genome project - because of this result, we now know that a gene can produce more than one polypeptide depending on how the information in the gene is read.
• Chargaff - discovered that the same 4 nitrogenous bases are found in all organisms
• Chargaff’s rule - A=T and G=C
• Francis Crick - defined the central dogma of molecular biology as the information from DNA to RNA to proteins, involving the processes of replication, transcription, and translation
• replication - process that copies the DNA
• transcription - process that converts a DNA into an intermediate RNA molecule, specifically mRNA
• Translation - process that interprets the RNA message, as codons, into many amino acids that work together forming a protein
• cytoplasm - where the central dogma occurs in prokaryotes
• nucleus - where the central dogma occurs in eukaryotic cells
• nucleus - where replication and transcription occur
• ribosomes - where translation occurs
• Synthesis stage - stag where the replication of DNA occurs
• semi-conservative - the resulting two identical molecules of DNA are described as?
• transcription - converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule, another form of nucleic acid
• ribose - sugar in RNA
• deoxyrbose - sugar in DNA
• Uracil - replaces Thyme in RNA
• RNA - single stranded
• DNA - double stranded
• Messenger RNA - intermediate message that is translated to form a protein
• Ribosomal RNA - forms a part of ribosome, a cell’s protein factory
• Transfer RNA - brings amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.
• Translation - step that leads to the protein (polypeptide) synthesis
• mRNA - type of RNA that requires enzymes
• transfer RNA - contains the anticodon which is a group of 3 bases complementary to a specific codon
• mRNA - what does translation start with?
• Initiation - step that brings all the translation components together
• elongation cycle - the chain of peptides, polypeptides, increases in length, one amino acid at a time
• termination - occurs when a stop codon appears in the A site
• UAA, UAG, UGA - stop codons
• RNA - central to the flow of genetic information
• Messenger Rna - carries the information that specifies a protein.
• Ribosomal RNA - combines with proteins to form a ribosome, the physical location of protein synthesis.
• Transfer RNA - molecules are “connectors” that bind an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid to the ribosome at the correct spot along the mRNA molecule.
• • Transcription - carried out by RNA polymerase
• Translation - performed on rbosomes
• replication - carried out by DNA polymerase