Organic chemistry in industrial processes

• Organic oxygen compounds


  Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• The importance of organic oxygen compounds in chemistry and industry include: pharmaceuticals, solvents, fuels, and flavoring agents
• Organic oxygen compounds in real life


  • Formaldehyde: found in disinfectants
  • Acetone: found in nail polish remover and paint thinners
  • Acetic acid: main component of vinegar
  • Benzaldehyde: used in flavorings and perfumes
  • Acetophenone: used in the production of fragrances and as a solvent in various industries
  • Citric acid: found in lemons, oranges, etc.
• Carbonyl group


  Contains a C=O
• Aldehydes


  The carbonyl group has at least one hydrogen atom attached and is at the terminal (end) of the carbon chain
• Ketones


  The carbonyl group occurs at the interior of a carbon chain and is flanked by carbon atoms
• Acyl group


  1. C=O, where R = hydrogen or any organic moiety
• Aldehydes and ketones


  • CH3-CHO
  • CH3-CH2-CO-CH3
• IUPAC nomenclature


  1. Identify the longest continuous carbon chain / cyclic structure with functional group of highest priority

  2. Number the chain

  3. Name

  4. E/Z; cis/trans; multipliers (di, tri, ...)
• Aldehydes


  Longest carbon chain with carbonyl group, named with -al ending
• Aldehydes


  • Formaldehyde
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Benzaldehyde
• Ketones


  Longest carbon chain containing the keto group, named with -one ending
• Ketones


  • Acetone
  • Acetophenone
  • Cyclohexanone
• IUPAC names


  • 2-methylpentanal
  • 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone
  • Cyclohexanone
• Drawing structural formulas


  Show how the various atoms are bonded and the connections and order of atoms in a molecule
• Structural formulas


  • 7-chlorooctanal
  • 4-methyl-3-hexanone
• Oxidation of aldehydes


  Aldehydes are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids, whereas ketones resist oxidation
• Oxidation of aldehydes


  1. 2RCHO + O2 → 2RCOOH

  2. Tollens' reagent can distinguish aldehydes from ketones and alcohols
• Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones


  • Typically liquids at room temperature
  • Many have distinct odors
  • Formaldehyde and acetone are miscible in water
• Chemical reactivity of aldehydes and ketones


  • Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids, while ketones resist oxidation
  • Both react with nucleophiles at the carbonyl carbon, forming addition products
• Certain organic oxygen compounds pose risks through persistence and bioaccumulation in ecosystems and can impact human health
• Mitigation methods


  1. Advanced oxidation processes

  2. Bioremediation

  3. Activated carbon adsorption