Unit 4: 1800-1848, Jeffersonian Era, Market Rev., GA, reform

• Demo-repubs

  Strict constitutionalists, wanted to restrict federal power and championed the belief that the federal gov is only able to do what is explicitly stated in the constitution
• Federalists

  Loose constitutionalists, federal gov. had more flexibility with the written word of the constitution
• Louisiana Purchase

  1803
• Jefferson

  Strict constitutionalist but justified his overstepping of power by the removal of indians further westward and would cut off european influence and open up trading
• Marbury v. Madison


  Judiciary Act was passed just before, created 16 new seats for federal judges. John Adams appointed all seats to federalists because gov was shifting from federalist to demo-repub. Court proclaimed itself to be final interpreter of the constitution
• McCulloch v. Maryland


  SCOTUS decided that federal law trumped state law
• Embargo Act of 1807


  All U.S. ports were closed to export shipping in either U.S. or foreign vessels, and restrictions were placed on imports from Great Britain. Punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other.
• War of 1812


  Causes: France and Britain were fighting but the US wanted to remain neutral. However, Britain kept seizing American merchant ships and impressing Americans. America eventually wins the war.
• End of War of 1812 consequences

  Federalist party gone, nationalistic ideals, expiration of national bank, discovered no reliable means of infrastructure/transportation, difficult to move men and supplies
• Henry Clay's American System


  Intent of unifying the American economy, federally funded internal improvements, implementation of protective tariffs to protect US manufacturers, establish bank of the US
• Era of Good Feelings


  Supposed national unity under demo-repub party
• Missouri


  Applied for statehood in 1819, assumed it would become slave state because slaves were already there. Talmadge amendment proposal to prohibit slavery in Missouri, passed in the House but not the Senate.
• Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820


  Missouri enters as a slave state, Maine enters as a free state. Southern border of Missouri was to be at the 36 30 line, which would separate free and slave territory
• Adam-Onis Treaty


  Spain sold Florida to the United States
• Monroe Doctrine 1823


  Proclaimed American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. Established the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, perpetually to be free of European influence.
• The Market Revolution


  The linking of northern industries with western and southern farmers which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
• Market Revolution: Technology

  • New tech pushed the revolution further. Cotton gin and spinning machine revolutionized southern agriculture and northern industry. Steel plow, mechanical reaper
• Interchangeable parts


  Machines being used to produce, in bulk, the various parts of technology and then assemble them all together. Could hire unskilled laborers to assemble. Greater efficiency because of mass production.
• Steamboats/Canals

  Revolutionized trade, trading vessels could travel up/down stream
• Telegraph

  Spread of information, way faster
• 1820-1840, influx of immigrants


  Approx 2 mil immigrants showed up in the US mainly from Germany/Ireland. Many settled on the eastern seaboard, provided pool of cheap labor. Was crowded into hastily built tenements.
• Cult of Domesticity


  Ladies were expected to conform to developing societal norm, idea was that a woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around childbearing and taking care of her husband. Separate spheres began to develop.
• Panic of 1819


  First major recession in US history. Resulted from irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports. Laboring men hit the hardest.
• Election of 1824


  Led to split in the demo-repub party, no more federalists. National repub = expansive view of federal power. John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay. Eventually became whig party. Demo = restrictive view of federal power. Andrew Jackson.
• Corrupt Bargain


  Jackson won popular vote, but no one won the majority vote. Thus, House of Rep chooses new pres. Henry Clay speaker of the House, nominates Adams, Adam wins and then chooses Clay to be sec of state.
• Tariff of 1828


  Raised import duties <= 50%. North liked because it protected their industry but South hated because they relied on imported goods. Calhoun hated tariff, developed doctrine of nullification. SC threatened to secede.
• Nullification


  States had power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws, if determined to be unconstitutional they could nullify/refuse to follow the law.
• Indian Removal Act of 1830


  Cherokee refused to be resettled and said they were a sovereign nation. Eventually persuaded to sign a treaty of New Echota. Cherokee land in Georgia for reservation west of the Mississippi River.
• Trail of Tears 1838


  Forced removal of Indians who refused to move originally during the Indian Removal Act etc.
• Whig Party


  Stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Henry Clay + JQA.
• Transcendentalism


  Emphasized transcendent power + beauty of nature
• Utopian Communities


  Influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy
• Second Great Awakening


  Baptists and Methodists and Presbyterians organized camp meetings in the woods that people attended. Stressed the importance of reaching perfection. Emphasized moral reform of society, set stage for temperance movement, abolitionism, women's rights.
• Mormonism


  Founded by Joseph Smith, claimed to receive visions from God
• American Temperance Society


  Founded in 1826
• Seneca Falls Convention


  1848, first women's right conference in America. Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, called for equality in education, legal rights, and voting.
• Nat Turner's Rebellion


  Black laborer who organized a slave rebellion in Virginia, killing > 50 whites