APUSH

• Gilded Age


  Appeared to be good on the surface, but underneath there were social, economic, and political issues
• Businesses looked beyond borders for markets - Asia
• There was a growing gap between the rich and the poor
• Subsidies fueled westward expansion (railroads)
• Monopolies


  Emergence of monopolies for businesses to gain powers and resources
• Social Darwinism


  Used by wealthy to defend their successes, survival of the fittest. If you are rich and wealthy, you deserve to be. If poor, work harder
• Workforce during the Gilded Age


  • More farmers moving to cities for jobs, leads to lower wages + increase in child labor
  • Unions sought better working conditions and wages
• Knights of Labor (KOL)


  Skilled and unskilled workers, didn't last long because of Haymarket riots and got a bad name which quickly led to the KOL being dissolved
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)


  Only skilled laborers, much more successful
• New South


  People thought that the South should be industrialized, happened in some areas but sharecropping and tenant farming still persisted
• Corporations


  Battle over natural resources and land with conservationists, i.e. Sierra Club which sought to protect many areas of the environment
• Farmers sought to limit the effects of mechanized farming (which displaced a lot of farmers) and dependence on railroads
• The Grange


  Organization of farmers who sought to regulate railroads and grain warehouses. Not as successful
• Populist Party


  Wanted to increase government control of railroads, telegraphs, etc.
• Omaha Platform


  Election of senators, income tax, regulation of railroads
• New Immigrants


  • Southern/Eastern Europe, Italy/Poland. Settled in cities, boomtown areas of the West. Heavily discriminated against by the APA (anti-Catholic, similar to the Know-Nothing Party)
• Characteristics of Cities


  • Divided ethnically, racially, and economically. Immigrants tended to settle in the same area. Little Italy, Chinatown, etc.
  • Provided jobs in factories to large numbers of women, immigrants, and African Americans
  • Emergence of political machines, Tammany Hall. Provided social services in exchange for political support
• Settlement Houses


  Jane Addams Hull House, helped immigrants and women transition to urban life
• Transcontinental Railroad


  • Westward settlement post-Civil War, many migrated due to economic opportunities or government policies (Homestead Act, subsidies, etc.)
• Treaties with natives were often violated. Lots of violence and conflict often occurred between settlers, natives, and Mexican Americans
• Government's Response to Native Resistance


  • Military force - Chief Joseph, Custer's Last Stand, Wounded Knee (1890)
  • Placing natives onto small reservations and changing their identities through assimilation
• Chief Joseph


  Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.
• Custer's Last Stand/Battle of Little Bighorn


  George Armstrong Custer lost every soldier in his unit. Native American forces defeat the U.S. Army troops. Proved to be the height of Native American power during the 19th century.
• Wounded Knee


  Marks the grim conclusion of Native American armed resistance in the West, a massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops
• Ghost Dance Movement


  Involved a set of dances and rites that its followers believed would cause white men to disappear and restore lands to the Native Americans.
• Dawes Act


  Break up reservation land to be parceled out to individuals
• Gilded Age Politics


  • Focused on economic issues - tariffs, gold v. silver, laissez-faire policies, etc.
  • Government corruption called for many to seek reform at the local, state, and national levels
• Referendum, Initiative, Recall


  (Progressive Era)
• Interstate Commerce Act


  Created to regulate railroads, more symbolic at first.
• There was an increase in nativism and racism
• Plessy v. Ferguson


  SCOTUS upheld Jim Crow laws, separate facilities are okay as long as they are equal
• Chinese Exclusion Act


  Banned Chinese in 1883 from emigrating to the United States
• Gospel of Wealth


  Written by Carnegie, urged the wealth to donate money
• Social Gospel


  Protestant church movement to improve cities and lives of the poor
• Booker T. Washington


  Encouraged vocational training, believed that African Americans should focus on economic gain to achieve political equality. Accept segregation temporarily, would go away on its own.
• W.E.B. DuBois


  Believed black people must demand equality and integration now, not later. Favored protest and higher education
• Ida B. Wells


  Outspoken critic of lynching in the South
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton


  Advocated for women's suffrage