U.5 (1750-1900)

• Karl Marx

  • German political philosopher during the Enlightenment era
  • Advocate for Communism
  • Co-wrote Communist Manifesto (important) with Friedrich Earls
• Communist Manifesto

  • Conveyed flaws of Capitalism, rich get richer & poor get poorer
  • offered the alternative, Communist / Socialism
• Proletariats


  Poor, factory working, low-wage workers.
• Bourgeoise


  rich, factory-owning elites who exploit the Proletariats
• Congress of Vienna

  • Series of meetings held in Austra to re-establish peace in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of the French Empire
  • Restore the balance of power and ensure no country becomes politically, geographically, or militarily dominant over another.
• Results of Congress of Vienna

  • territories of the defeated French Empire were distributed equally
  • Holy Roman Empire dissolved
• Adam Smith

  • Scottish economic philosopher, wrote Wealth of Nations, promoting laissez-faire economics
  • Less government intervention & allow businesses to act on their terms
  • Foundation of Capitalism
  • Division of labor, later practiced in the industrial revolution
• Popular Sovereignty

  • The authority of a government resides in its people, a government should rule by the consent of the governed
  • Basis for democracy, & people should vote on leaders
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  • Popularized the idea of popular sovereignty in the social contract
• Britain

  • First to industrialize due to environmental and geographical advantages, seaways to import and export, an abundance of materials, many colonies, and a strong fleet of ships
  • Ensured protection of private property
  • After industrialization, started urbanizing
• Women and Factories

  • When husbands couldn't make enough money to support the family, women would work at factories
  • Mainly worked in textile factories, small hands were convenient for the machines, however, their pay was halved
• Social structure changes in Europe, by Industrialization

  • New working classes based on socioeconomic status formed, like the working class & middle class
• Working class

  • low wages with long hours in the factory.
  • Due to poor working conditions revealed by the Sadler Report, labor unions were made for the working class, leading to minimum wage, 5-day weeks, and overtime pay. Also advocated for men's suffrage and child rights
• Middle Class

  • Consisted of managers, professionals, and white-collar workers.
  • Economically independent and could live at a higher standard.
• Land-owning aristocrats

  • Industrialization led to their fall
  • Industrial capitalists became the new elite class of Europe
• Cottage industry

  • Merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun and finished cloth in their own home, giving them independence
  • Due to industrialization, will be replaced by factories
• First estate (french)

  • Clergy/ churchmen
  • 1% of the french population
• Second estate (french)

  • Nobles
  • 2% of the french population
• Third estate (french)

  • Everyone else,
  • 97% of the french population
• National Assembly (french)

  • Third estate diminished Louis and the estates general, and called themselves the National Assembly
  • Will make their Independence day July 1786
  • Feudalism abolished and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted
• Bastille

  • A fortress, prison, and armory in France
  • The third estate will storm and win
• Reign of Terror

  • When Jacobins (radical political faction) led extreme, excessive reform efforts in France.
  • Established the first French Republic
  • Will seize church lands and redefine the clergy as civilians
• Maximilien Robespierre

  • He was hypocritical - Deemed as incorruptible yet very corrupt and radical, Leader of the committee of public safety yet killed people for wearing the wrong color shoes.
  • Leader of the Jacobin party
  • Promoted reorganization of the calender with 10-day work weeks
  • 30k executed & 300k imprisoned (usually for dumb reasons)
• Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

  • Similar to the US Constitution, declared the basic, unalienable rights to all men and citizens of the country
  • Framework for a new political order based on equality, fraternity, and liberty
  • Inspired by the Enlightenment movement
• Theocracy

  • Form of government
  • political framework is based on religion
  • Priests or Pope rule under the name of God
• Dictatorship

  • Absolute authority without constitutional limitations
  • POWWWWAAAAAA!!
• Monarchy

  • Political authority is based on the undivided rule of a king or queen.
  • Authority is passed down through generations
• Gran Colombia

  • Simon Bolivar, influenced by the Enlightenment and George Washington, led the independence movement in Latin America
  • Spanish rule is destroyed in South America by 1825
  • Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador form Gran Colombia
• Creole Revolution in Latin America

  • Creoles wanted more political power at there were 3.5 million of them compared to 30k peninsular
  • opposed the mercantilist practices
  • Creoles will remove peninsular rule and become a part of the elitist class
• Haitian Revolution - French colony

  • Driven by enslaved people, the only successful slave revolt historically. Took place on the island of Hispaniola.
  • Inspired by the American and French Revolution
  • Toussaint Louverture, a descendent of slaves and educated on enlightened ideas joined the rebel slave force, which Haiti was later declared independent
  • Inspired other slave rebellions
• Enlightenment

  • Emphasis over reason and individualism, instead of community or religious values
  • Will inspire a lot of reform
• Natural laws


  The laws of morality are able to be found through human reason and logic
• Natural rights


  All men have unalienable rights: liberty, life, property
• Nationalism


  feeling intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture
• Empiricism


  By Francis Bacon: learning comes only from experience and observation. Bacon will popularize the scientific Method
• Social Contract

  • Thomas Hobbes: states that it was natural for people to be bad, agreeing to the social contract would exchange some freedoms for law and order
  • John Lock: Wrote the Two Treatises of Government, saying the people have the right of rebellion if the government becomes corrupt, believed people were naturally good
• Montesquieu

  • Wrote the Spirit of Laws: 3 Branches of government, checks, and balances
• Voltaire

  • Wrote Candice: Advocacy of civil rights and liberties, religious freedom
• Thomas Paine

  • Wrote Age of Reason: Defending Deism; there is a God that made the universe, but he is simply a spectator
• Adam Smith

  • Wrote The Wealth of Nations: No government intervention in the economy, laissez-faire economics