Unit 3 (1450-1750)

• Land Based Empires Expand-Spain

  -(1469) marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella created a synastic union of Iberian Peninsula of the most powerful kingdoms

  -their grandson Charles V. (1519-1556) controlled Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, the Holy roman Empire, and American colonies

  -Charle’s son Philip ruled→ waged costly wars that strained Spain’s declining resource.

  -(1588) The Spanish Armada(strongest army) was defeated

  -Spain’s dominace in the 1500 (the Century of Gold) weakened in 1600
• Empires Expand-Russia

  • Ivan III "the Great" (1463-1505)began driving Mongols out of Russia
  • Ivan the 4th "the Terrible" (1547-1584) forced Mongols out but aggressively terrorized boyars (Russian nobles)
  • *Peter the Great- westernized Russia by following European ideas in education, innovation, and technology
  • He modernized the army and navy by bringing new technology
  • Forced boyars to shave off traditional beards and adopt western style
• Empires expand in China


  -(1644) Manchu (Mongols of Manchuria) over threw Ming, named themselves the Qing Dynasty

  -China became a land-based empire under Emperor Qianlong

  -Expanded into Central Asia; isolated due to ethnocentrism

  -Qing preferred ocean trade routes; abandoned Silk Roads
• Empire expand in Ottoman Empire


  -Constantinople, capital city of powerful gunpowder empire

  -Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent extended empire to Mesopotamia and Balkan Peninsula-halted at Battle of Vienna but still a threat to Europeans

  -geographically and culturally, the Ottoman Empire lined Europe, Africa, and Asia (Christians, Jews, Muslims)

  -(early 1500s) lost control of Indian Ocean trade routes to Portugal

  -Mid-1600s, Ottoman Empire showed signs of decline (lost trade routes, too much territory, peasants revolt, corruption)
• Empires expand in the Safavid Empire

  -gunpowder empire that didn't tolerate Sunnis

  -Ottoman-Safavid conflicts defined some of the boundaries and Islamic divisions in the Middle East today (Battle of Chaldiran-demonstrated importance of gunpowder tech.)

  -Ottoman-Safavid conflicts due to Sunni-Shia disagreements

  -Shah Abbas I, Empire reached it's peak- reorganized territory to drive Ottoman out of Safavid territory

  -Fall of Safavid Empire collapsed due to severity of Shah Hussein's rule and revolts among Sunni Afghans
• Empires expand in the Mughal Empire

  -Tamerland conquered India and introduced the Mughal Dynasty

  -conquered Afghanistan and Delhi Sultanate-creation of gunpowder empire

  -Shah Akbar the Great (1556-1605) conquered most of India

  -Jahan's empire was massive but high taxes and roll back of Akbar's religious reforms led to fragmentations (Europeans expanded in India)
• Empires: Administration-Spain


  -King Philip II believed in divine right and absolute power of the king

  -Philip lived in the Escorial (monastery) rather than the royal palace (solidifying link to Catholic Church and removed from nobles)
• Empires: Administration-England


  -James I-divine right and monarchy free from Parliament; executed by his own people-people did not tolerate absolutism

  -English Civil War saw Roundheads fight Cavaliers--> Roundheads: trial for treason, executed

  -James II-hoped to return England to Catholicism; overthrown in the bloodless Glorious Revolution

  -(1689) Parliament forced new king and queen to accept English Bill of Rights--became constitutional monarchy controlled by aristocratic oligarchy(rejection of divine rights absolutism)
• Empires: Administration- France


  -French kings had little power(feudalism dominated by nobility)

  -Hundreds Year War against England helped centralize royal France

  -Cardinal Armand Richelieu appointed by Louis 13th (XIII) increased royal power (reduced power of nobility, leveled castles, executions)

  -intendant system-divided France-provinces w appointed governor and standard french language
• Empires:Administration -France Louis XIV (14th)


  -Most powerful French king in history-"Sun King & I am the State"

  -Forced nobles to live at Versailles Palace where he could watch and control them

  -Financial and economic mismanagement plagued Louis' reign

  -Exempted nobles from paying taxes; Third Estate payed most

  -Jean-Baptiste Colbert-adopted strict merchantlist poilices

  -Revokes the Edict of Nantes(human rights)

  -Grand Alliance of nations prevents unification of France and Spain

  -costly wars and Louis' fininacial mismangement left France weakened
• Empire: Administration-Ottoman Empire


  -Devshirme system- conscription of Christian boys used to become government officials or Janissaries; allowed sultans to control local Turk leaders-abolished after series of Janissary revolts

  -Used beys (provincial governors) who collected taxes and held administrative and military control over small tribes and villages

  -beys received fiefdoms in exchange for military support

  -Sultans assisted by chief minister called vizier (advisor/right hand man) appointed through the devshirme system
• Empires: Administration in Japan


  -1467- warring state; independent feudal houses (daimyo)

  -(1600)Tokugawa became shogun-began centralizing and uniting

  -Tokugawa shogun forced daimyos to live in a Palace in Edo (controlled them-forced them to march to shogun's court anually, couldn't bring weapons to capital, or plot wars in territories)

  -Initially welcomed Europeans who offered military improvement, shiulbuilding technology, and trade(guns)

  -(1616) Jesuits expelled from Japan

  -(1638) Shogun expelled all westerners and adopted the isolationist policy (to not get colonized by Europeans)
• Empires: Adminsitration in the Mughal Empire


  -Zamindari system- zamindars were local government officials who collected taxes, upheld laws for the Mughals)

  -Jahan moved the capital from Agra to Delhi- build magnificent palace called the Red Fort with it's famed peacock throne

  -Jahan built the Taj Mahal-to commemorate the memory of his wife and display the wealth and power of the Mughal Empire

  -Military conquests and building projects forced him to raise taxes
• Empires: Administration in China


  -Hong Wu- absolute rule; forced nobles to live at his palace and participate in elaborate court rituals(like Jahan and Peter the 14th)

  -Revived the Confucian Civil Service Exam-advancements through merit and not social status

  -Single Whip Reform reduced 30-40 different types of taxes to on payable tax only in silver

  -Encouraged separation of Manchu and Chinese- forbid intermarriage

  -Wing emperors used architecture and art to legitimize power (Qing imperial portraits were mass produced throughout China)

  -Confucious teachings through Five Classics
• Empires: Administration in the Safavid Empire (Middle East)


  -Abbas ordered russian boys captured, converted to Islam and trained as "slave infantry men" (surpassed the power of qizilbash- government official and military)

  -Safavids controlled local Turks leaders- granted fiefdoms w peasants and payed tribute; threatened Safavid power so later Shahs relied on Persian bureaucracy

  -Capital of Isfahan famous for beautiful architecture but city located far inland (far away from sea-based trade routes transforming the world)gov't officials had to study Islamic laws
• Empires: Belief Systems- Spain

  -Ferdinand and Isabella believed Catholicism could serve as a unifying force

  -(1492) Spain completed the Reconquista- forced Muslims and Jews out of their kingdom

  -Did not allow religious tolerance
• Empires: Belief Systems- Holy Roman Empire

  -Protestant Reformation-challenged authority and teachings of the Catholic Church- immorality, greed, simony, nepotism, absenteeism

  -Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Savonarola- against Church

  -Martin Luther, German monk, wrote 95th Theses criticizing sale of indulgences (faith alone could secure salvation)+John Wycliffe

  -Luther denied power of clergy and Pope; translates the Bible (vernacular), was excommunicated and his works banned

  -Inspired massive rebellions in Germany- many forms of Protestantism emerged (Lutherism, Anabaptist)
• Empires: Belief Systems in Switzerland


  -Calvinism spread from Switzerland to France, Netherlands, and Scotland

  -some predestined for salvation; some for damnation

  -John Calvin believed the religious leaders should control the state (Calvin ran City of Geneva)
• Empires: Belief Systems -England


  -Henry VIII became the head of the Church of England (Anglican) through Act of Supremacy and confiscated church lands and wealth

  -Anglican Church: Protestant faith; retained most Catholic practices but without a clergy

  -Queen Elizabeth I of England prevented war between Anglicans and Puritans who wanted pure Protestantism with no Catholic traditions
• Empires: Belief Systems in Euope


  -The Catholic Reformation sought to revive its reputation and membership through the Protestant Reformation

  -Council of Trent- Meeting of church officials to combat Protestantism
• Empires: Belief Systems in Europe

  -The Catholic Reformation sought to revive its reputation and membership through the Protestant Reformation

  -Council of Trent- Meeting of church officials to combat Protestantism

  -Invention of Guttenberg printing press sparked literacy and news

  -Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuit Order; to fight Protestantism

  -The Inquisition punished heretics, combating Protest. in Spain and Italy
• Empires: Belief Systems in Europe- Wars

  -(1555)Peace of Augsburg ends long civil war between Lutherans and Catholics in Holy Roman Empire

  -(1598) Edict of Nantes ended civil wars in France between Catholics and Huguenots- granting religious tolerance

  -(1648) Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestant nations

  -Result of warring: religious tensions eased, acceptance of religious pluralism
• Europe for the Americas

  -Scientific Revolution/Renaissance/Reformation-sparked spirit of inquiry, science, and secular thinking

  -Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orb- promoted heliocentric model of the universe

  -Johannes Kepler formulated laws of planetary(planets revolving sun)

  -Galileo Galilei perfected telescope, formulated laws of motion, inertia, and mathematically proved Copernican theory-put on trial for heresy

  -Issac Newton-new holistic view of the universe; Principa(gravity)

  -laws of nature--> laws of human nature using the scientific method
• Empires: Belief Systems in Mughal Empire


  -Akbar ended extra tax on non-Muslims (jizya), stopped pilgrimage taxes on Hindus, and was tolerant of all faiths

  -Akbar invented the "Divine Faith" combining Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Sikh beliefs (not very successful)