A push unit 1

• agricultural economy


  economy based on the production of crops

  
• maize cultivation


  The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs, Incas and Mayans.

  
• hunter-gatherer economy


  A nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants

  
• western hemisphere


  The Americas

  
• west africa


  A area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves

  
• plantation-based agriculture


  Large scale agriculture worked by slaves

  
• capitalism


  Economic system based on private investment and possessions

  
• Cultural autonomy


  Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control

  (ex: The Christianization of the natives took away their Cultural autonomy

  
• great basin


  Desert area with no drainage to the ocean - home of the Plains Indians.

  
• spanish exploration


  Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and God

  
• encomienda system


  A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity. Form of slavery.

  
• empire building


  The Spanish increasing their empire through grafting their culture onto the natives and taking over the land
• Eurocentrism


  The European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them

  
• great plains


  The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roaming the prairies on horseback and hunted bison

  
• permanent villages


  The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture

  
• Portuguese exploration


  Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies

  
• slave labor


  Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge

  
• Colombian exchange


  the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills

  
• What happened to Native peoples as settlers migrated & settled across the vast expanse of North America over time?

  Native populations often resisted the European advances, but millions were killed through disease, war, and slavery.
• What impact did the spread of maize cultivation have on the American southwest?


  Maize and other food crops led to large, more permanent agricultural societies with larger populations.

  
• How did the development of permanent villages in the northeast impact native tribes?


  Some tribes in the northeast were able to form some loose alliances based on language and other factors.

  
• What did Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest lead to?


  Spread of smallpox and other diseases which decimated huge numbers of American Indians.
• What impact did Spanish and Portuguese traders have on West Africa?


  Spanish and Portuguese traders dominated the slave trade, especially as demand for labor in the colonies increased. In particular, slaves were desired for growing sugar.

  
• What was the impact of new crops and livestock in the Americas?


  New crops (bananas, sugar) and domestic livestock (pigs, sheep, and cattle) had a huge impact on the

  Americas. Horses, in particular, changed the way of life in the Americas. Disease, though, had the largest

  impact, killing millions.

  
• What was the encomienda system and why was it replaced by slave labor?

  The encomienda system gave Spanish settlers land and the ability to force local Native Americans to work on this land. Since so many Indians were dying from disease, the Spanish and Portuguese looked to African slaves to work as laborers.
• What was the impact of new crop and mineral wealth?


  Although many early English settlers sought mineral wealth, most prosperity in the English colonies came from agricultural commodities. Tobacco was the key crop that made English settlements, like Jamestown, viable in North America. Sugar was the most valuable crop in the Caribbean and helped drive the strong demand for African slaves
• How did European expansion and sustained contact with Africans and American Indians dramatically alter European views of social, political and economic relationships between white and nonwhite people?


  Some of the original European settlers respected the American Indians and their strength, but the impact of disease greatly weakened most Indian societies. This confirmed European beliefs of their superiority over the Indians. The African slave trade began to take over.See an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• How did the development of white superiority impact the New World?


  Development of the Casta System and Encomienda system. American Indians were also forced to work in the silver mines.
• What European attempts were there to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues? Were they successful?


  Europeans attempted to convert Indians to Christianity. In some cases, they were successful. In some cases, Indians successfully resisted. Indians also impacted European agricultural practices. The French were usually much more successful at developing trade partnerships with Indians than the English were.
• How did African slaves achieve some level cultural preservation and autonomy.? (21-23, 55-58)


  African slaves maintained many traditional African religious and cultural practices under slavery. Slaves

  sought to marry and create families and communities in even the most difficult situations. There were at least seven major slave revolts in the Caribbean. In addition, slaves resisted their owners in a variety of subtle and sometimes not subtle ways. Finally, from the first African immigrants to the western hemisphere, there was always a population of free African settlers in the Americas.
• Smallpox


  highly contagious disease brought by Europeans that killed millions of American Indians, who had not been previously exposed to this disease.

  
• Pueblo Indians


  Native people found in the American southwest who for many years resisted Spanish encroachment on Indian land and attempts at forced conversions.

  
• Spanish Mission System


  Series of Spanish settlements focused on converting American Indians to Catholicism. Many of these missions (San Francisco, San Diego, etc.) were key to economic and social development of the American southwest.

  
• Bartolome de Las Casas


  Spanish priest who wrote about the many atrocities he witnessed the Spanish commit against the Indians.

  
• Columbian Exchange


  the trade pattern that developed between the Americas and Europe/Asia. Named after Columbus. Bananas, sugar, cattle, horses, small pox, etc., were brought to the Americas. Chocolate, tomatoes, corn, tobacco, etc., were taken to Europe and Asia.

  
• Encomienda System


  a land and labor distribution system that gave Spanish settlers land and the ability to force local Native Americans to work on this land.

  
• Mestizo and Zambo


  Individuals with mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry.

  Zambo: Individuals with mixed African and Indian ancestry.

  
• Algonquin Indians


  Native people found in the American northeast who were close allies of the French and participated in the fur trade.

  Algonquin Indians were the historic enemy of Iroquois Indians.

  
• Law of 1542


  Laws outlawed encomienda system
• Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas


  Invisible line created by Pope Alexander VI to make peace between Spain and Portugal. In signing the treaty Spain agreed that the land west of the line could be claimed by Spain, while the east was Portugal's. Brazil was only region in the Americas to go to Portugal.