bio-photosynthesis/cellular respiration

• photolysis


  In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

  
• thylakoid


  A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
• light dependent phase


  Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast. "Light reactions." Requires the presence of light.

  1. Chlorophyll captures light energy and becomes energized.

  2. Photolysis occurs.

  3. Oxygen from split water is released.

  4. Hydrogen and electrons are bonded and will be used later.

  5. Left over energy is used to make an ATP molecule from ADP.
• inputs of LDP


  water, NADP+, ADP +pi
• outputs of LDP


  loaded coenzymes

  -NADPH

  -ATP

  -02
• loading coenzymes


  requires energy from photolysis,

  oxygen =wasted

  electrons=make reaction of loading NADPH and ATP occcur

  hydrogen=load NADPH
• palisade layer


  where most photosynthesis occurs because most chloroplasts are there.
• Light independent phase


  Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. carbon fixatio. and Calvin cycle

  1. CO2 bonds to ribulose diphosphate and forms 6C intermediate.

  2. 6C is converted to 3C.

  3. Water is released.

  4. coenzyme unload

  5. glucose is produced
• inputs of lIP


  NADPH and ATP and CO2
• outputs of LIP


  glucose, NADP+ and ADP+Pi
• glucose is stored as


  starch in chloroplasts
• photosynthesis


  Captures light energy and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

  
• cycles of photosynthesis


  carbon dioxide+oxygen-------->glucose+oxygen

  
  

  sunlight and chlorophyll

  
• xylem


  transports water
• phloem


  transports sugars
• light intensitty


  increases rate of photosynthesis until a maxium is reached
• co2 concentration


  increases rate of photosynthesis untila. maxium is reached
• temperature increase


  decreases rate of photosynthesis as enzymes invloved denature
• ph change


  enzymes out of optimal range and denature, thus decreasing rates of photosynthesis.
• C4 and CAM


  pep +co2 is catalaysed by PEP carboxylase to make oxoalacetic acid, which is stored as malate, that is easily degraded into co2 for calvin cycle.
• C4--tropical


  carbon fixation= mesophyll cell

  calvin cycle=vascular bundle
• CAM--dessert


  carbon fixation=night

  calvin cycle=day

  
  

  --all in mesopohyll
• why do CAM plants separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle?


  to minimise photorespiration and save water. by closing stomata at day
• rubisco


  has a higher affinity towards oxygen=inefficient=photorespiration
• if c3 close stomata


  -o2 concentration increase

  -rubisco preferentially binds to 02

  -PHOTORESPIRATION��

  -photosynthesis decreases
• green light


  bad for photosynthesis as plants will reflect that light.
• photosynthesis balanced equatioin


  6CO2+6H20---> C6H12O6+6O2
• cellular respiration


  Process that makes usable energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
• glycolysis


  occurs in the cytosol. glucose is broken down (6C) into 2 pyruvate (3C) because it is too big of a molecule.

  NAD+H+ and ADP+pi are inputs and NADH and ATP are outputs

  
• link reaction


  pyruvate (2X3C) to 2C acetyl coenzyme A

  byproduct= CO2

  
• krebs cycle


  acetyl coenzyme A goes to acetyl.

  CO2 +4C->6C, two carbons break off to make 2CO2

  breaking the bonds releases energy for FAD and NAD+ to get loaded into FADH2 and NADH. this releases 2ATP.

  
• electron transport chain


  A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the reduction and oxidation reactions that release energy used to make ATP. As electrons move down energy levels, this provides energy for h+ ions to move actively to make a high concentration of hydrogen ions, so that they move down the ATP SYNTHASE and make ATP,

  also, oxygen is needed to make water. in oxidative phosphorilation.

  
• oxidative phosphorilation


  makes the water. makes the ATP

  1. electrons mopped up by 02and h+ is added=water

  2. ADP+pi= ATP (phosphorus added)

  ---SIMPLE

  
• anaerobic cellular respiration


  process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen.

  -only glycolysis
• chemiosmosis


  A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
• Alternative electron acceptors—anerobic


  or glycolysis will stop

  alcoholic fermentation=ethanal

  lactic acid fermentation=pyruvate
• factors affecting cellular respiration

  temperature, glucose availability, oxygen concentration