Human Body Systems

• Muscles

  Get bigger when you're exercising
• Function of muscles


  • Allows various parts of the body to move
• Organs


  Muscles, further classified as either voluntary (moves by deliberate effort and/or conscious choice) or involuntary (moves on its own, without deliberate effort or conscious choice)
• Three types of muscles

  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth

  
• Muscle disorders


  • Cramp (sudden involuntary muscle contraction)
  • Pulled muscle (when a muscle stretches too much and tears)
  • Muscular Dystrophy (sex-linked recessive trait, causing general muscle weakness that worsens with age)
• Antagonistic muscles


  Working muscles contract, non-working muscles relax
• Antagonistic muscles


  Muscles that work in pairs; when one contracts, the other relaxes, and vice versa
• Flexor


  A muscle which, when contracted, bends a limb
• Extensor


  A muscle which, when contracted, straightens a limb
• Muscles shown in diagram

  • Quadricepts (flexor/extensor)
  • Hamstrings (flexor/extensor)
  • Tibialis anterior (flexor/extensor)
  • Gastrocnemius (flexor/extensor)
• Types of cells shown

  • Epithelial
  • Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Connective
  • Sperm
• Cells don't all look the same
• Broken bone


  When a bone cracks
• Fractured bone


  When a bone cracks
• Skeletal system


  Connection to cardiovascular system
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Provides shape, structure and support
  • Enables movement
  • Protects internal organs
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Bones


  Held together by ligaments
• Joint


  Any place 2 or more bones meet
• Movable joints


  Allow for rotational movement
• Immovable joints


  Do not allow for movement
• Fracture


  When a bone cracks
• Sprain


  When a ligament is stretched too far and tears
• Dislocation


  When a bone comes out of its joint
• Rickets


  Insufficient amount of dietary vitamin D, which leads to "soft" bones and a malformed skeleton
• Osteoporosis


  Mineral loss in bones leading to weakened, easily breakable bones
• Common names for bones of the human body

  • Cranium
  • Scapula
  • Ribs
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Patella
  • Clavicles
  • Humerus
  • Sternum
  • Vertebrae
  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
• None of the classroom bones are human bones
• Goosebumps


  What are they and why do they happen?
• Pimples


  What are they and why do we get them?
• Sweating


  What is the purpose of sweating?
• Skin tanning


  What happens to your skin when you get a tan?
• Hair removal


  Why does it hurt when we pull out a hair, but not when we get a haircut?
• Functions of the integumentary system


  • Protects the body from injury and infection
  • Prevents dehydration
  • Regulates body temperatures
  • Eliminates wastes
  • Gathers sensory information from the environment
  • Produces vitamin D
• Integumentary system


  The skin and its accessory organs

  
• Accessory organs of the integumentary system

  • Hair
  • Sweat glands
  • Oil glands
• Acne


  Inflammation of the skin caused by clogging of oil glands
• Rash


  An outbreak of red bumps on the body caused by infection, diet, or allergic reaction
• Chicken pox


  Itchy rash on skin caused by a contagious virus; begins as small red bumps which become thin-walled blisters
• Wart


  Small growth of roughened skin caused by a virus
• First-degree burn


  Only the epidermis is damaged