human defence responses

• How is the nose adapted to protecting us from pathogens?

  hairs & mucus in the nose trap particles that contain pathogens.
• How is the skin adapted to protect us from pathogens?

  it acts as a barrier as it prevents pathogens from reaching tissues.
• How are trachea and bronchi adapted to protect us from pathogens?

  secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
• What are the trachea and bronchi lined with & what does it do?

  cilia = hair-like structures that carry mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
• How does the stomach protect us from pathogens?

  produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth.
• What are 2 types of white blood cells?

  phagocytes & lymphocytes
• What does phagocytes do?


  Engulf pathogens. Use enzymes to digest them.
• What do lymphocytes do?


  produce anti-toxins/anti-bodies which can stick onto pathogens.
• How does producing anti-bodies protect us from disease?

  there is a unique anti-body for each pathogen which matches a unique anti-gen on the surface of each pathogen. Once these anti-bodies have been produced, they can be made very quickly if the pathogen enters the body again.
• What do producing anti-toxins do?

  counteract (cancel out) the toxins released by pathogens.