AnaPhy

• Synthesis reactions


  Anabolism - combination of molecules to form even larger products, involves formation of new chemical bonds
• Exchange reactions


  Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
• Water is the most abundant substance in living systems
• Water takes part in photosynthesis and respiration which produces energy
• Water absorbs and releases high levels of heat before its temperature changes, thus helping control normal body temperature
• Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration
• Carbon dioxide is a source of the element carbon, found in all organic compounds of living systems
• Molecular oxygen is required by all organisms that breathe air
• Molecular oxygen is used to convert chemical energy (food) into another form of energy (ATP)
• Carbohydrates account for less than 1% of total body weight
• Carbohydrates are the most important energy sources that are catabolized</b>
• Many foods contain disaccharides, but all carbohydrates except monosaccharides must be broken apart through hydrolysis before they can provide useful energy
• Artificial sweeteners either cannot be broken down in the body or are used in insignificant amounts
• When muscle cells have a high demand for glucose, glycogen molecules are broken down. When the need is low, these cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream and rebuild glycogen reserves
• Lipids


  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio near 1:2
• Lipids are important as energy reserves providing twice as much energy as carbohydrates
• When the supply of lipids exceeds the demand for energy, the excess is stored in fat deposits
• Unsaturated fatty acids


  Good for you, found in sunflower, corn, and fish oils
• Fish oils


  Tend to be liquids at room temperature
• Lipid reserves


  Retain both valuable lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and potentially dangerous lipid-soluble pesticides, such as the now-banned DDT
• Steroids


  Differ in the functional groups that are attached to this basic framework
• Steroid hormones


  Involved in the regulation of sexual function. Ex. Corticosteroids, calcitriol
• Proteins


  Most abundant organic molecule in the human body; 20% of the total body weight
• Amino acids


  Simple organic compounds (monomers) that combine to form proteins (polymers)
• Dehydration synthesis


  1. Can link two representative amino acids: glycine and alanine

  2. Chain can be lengthened by the addition of more amino acids producing tripeptide
• Familiar proteins


  • Hemoglobin in red blood cells
  • Collagen in skin, bones, and muscles
  • Keratin in fingernails and hair
• Enzyme


  Most important of all the body's proteins, catalyze the chemical reactions that sustain life
• Substrates


  Reactants in enzymatic reactions
• Active site


  Special region of the enzyme where substrates must bind before the enzyme can function as a catalyst
• Temperature and pH


  Affect enzyme functions
• Glycoproteins


  May function as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, or protein components of plasma membranes. Play a major role in identifying normal versus abnormal cells and are important in the immune response
• Proteoglycans


  Bind adjacent cells together, and give tissue fluids a viscous (syrupy) consistency
• Nucleic acids


  Large organic molecules composed of C, H, O, N, P. Store and process information at the molecular level inside cells
• DNA


  Encodes the information needed to build proteins
• RNA


  Cooperates to build specific proteins using the information provided by DNA
• High-energy bond


  Generally binds a phosphate group (PO4 3-) to an organic molecule. The product with such a bond is called a high-energy compound
• Phosphorylation


  The process of attaching a phosphate group to another molecule
• ATP


  The most important method of storing energy in our cells. The breakdown of ATP to ADP is the most important method of releasing energy
• The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is made with a sweat test. A sweat-producing chemical is applied to an area of Sean's skin, and the sweat is collected and tested for chloride concentration.
• Sean's treatment starts immediately. His parents give him digestive enzymes before each feeding so that he can absorb nutrients.