Cards (26)

    • Immunity
      Protection from infectious disease, usually indicated by the presence of antibodies, very specific to a single organism
    • Immunization
      Process of inducing immune response, humoral or cell mediated
    • Vaccination
      Process of inoculating the vaccine or the antigen
    • Passive immunity

      1. Transfer of maternal antibodies through placenta
      2. Transfer of maternal antibodies through milk
      3. Following administration of immunoglobulin or antiserum
    • Active immunity

      1. Following clinical infection
      2. Following subclinical infection
      3. Following vaccination
    • Active immunity

      Developed in response to stimulus by an antigen (infecting agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the production of antibodies by the host
    • Passive immunity

      Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host, the body's immune system is not activated
    • Immunizing agents

      • Vaccines
      • Antisera
      • Immunoglobulins
    • Immunoglobulins
      Two types: normal human immunoglobulin and specific (hyper-immune) human immunoglobulin
    • Antisera
      Materials prepared in animals or non human sources such as horses
    • Vaccination
      Method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization
    • Vaccine
      Immunogenic but not pathogenic substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease
    • How vaccination works
      1. Expose the patient to an antigen
      2. A live or inactivated substance derived from a pathogen capable of producing an immune response
      3. If the patient is subsequently exposed to virus carrying this antigen they will mount a faster immune response
    • Types of vaccines

      • Live vaccines
      • Attenuated live vaccines
      • Inactivated (killed) vaccines
      • Toxoids
      • Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines
      • Recombinant vaccines
    • Live vaccines

      Made from live infectious agents without any amendment
    • Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines

      Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to become attenuated and avirulent but immunogenic
    • Inactivated (killed) vaccines

      Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or chemicals but remain immunogenic, usually safe but less effective than live attenuated vaccines
    • Toxoids
      Prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria rendering them immunogenic but not pathogenic, adjuvant is used to increase the potency
    • Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines

      Prepared from extracted cellular fractions, e.g. meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall, pneumococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide contained in the capsule of the organism
    • Recombinant vaccines

      Produced by genetic engineering technology, prepared by insertion of a segment of the respective viral gene into the gene a yeast cell or virus
    • Routes of administration

      • Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines)
      • Oral route (sabine vaccine, oral BCG vaccine)
      • Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
      • Scarification (small pox vaccine)
      • Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)
    • Scheme of immunization
      1. Primary vaccination
      2. Booster vaccination
    • Side-effects of vaccines

      • Localized hypersensitivity at site of infection
      • Fever
      • Contracting encephalitis after a vaccination against measles
      • Mutation of attenuated microorganisms → virulent → disease
      • Allergy reaction to vaccine's medium
    • Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine
    • Vaccines stimulate the body's own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease
    • Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases
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