RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIAL IMPERIALISM

• How did people in Southeast Asia use corn and cassava as tools of resistance?


  • cassava gave indigenous ppl a cheap, easy way to feed themselevs while resisting colonial systems of forved labor 
• 1. What were some of the goals of colonial subjects?


  • colonial subjects aimed to resist exploitation, maintain cultural identity, preserve autonomy, and protect their lands and resources from colonial control
• 1. How did some inhabitants of Hanoi use rats as tools of resistance?


  • the french did not want the rats so they promised to pay little for every rat someone killed. the ppl then cut off rat tails as proof and then put them back in the sewers to breed w/ other rats. this led to more rat problems but at least ppl were getting paid while resisting 
• 1. How did French education in Indochina backfire in some ways?


  • it gave many indigenous peoples the intellectual tool to resist french imperialism
  • colonial subjects formed networks and shared new ideas about revolution and resistance 
• 1. How and why did some aristocrats in the Dutch East Indies try to accommodate Dutch rule?


  • learning to speak dutch, converted to christianity, or adopted dutch customs
• 1. Why was stealing a curtain an act of resistance by Raden Mas Adipati?


  • The curtain he snatched was used in a symbolic way to maintain privacy and separation between the colonizer and the colonized. By removing it, Brotodiningrat signaled that the Dutch had not earned his respect and held no real authority over him
• 1. What were some strategies that people in the Southeast Asian highlands used to avoid taxation and labor?


  • religious and spiritual beliefs
  • they migrated a lot or left so colonizers wouldnt be able to trap them with tax or labor
  • purposely failing to comply, such as inaccurately reporting on land or crop yields
• 1. Explain how environmental and cultural factors aided indigenous resistance to colonial rule 1750 to 1900.


  • Environmental Factors:
  • Geography
  • Disease
  • Cultural Factors:
  • Mobility
  • Avoidance of Census and Taxation
  • Preservation of Language and Tradition
• Geography


  Dense forests, rugged mountains, and vast river systems in regions like Southeast Asia and Africa made it challenging for colonial powers to navigate and establish control over these areas
• Disease


  Tropical diseases like malaria and yellow fever were rampant in many colonized regions. These diseases not only affected the health of colonial administrators and soldiers but also acted as a deterrent for further exploration and control
• Mobility


  Indigenous communities often practiced a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, making it hard for colonial powers to locate and subdue them
• Avoidance of Census and Taxation


   By evading colonial censuses and tax collectors, indigenous communities could remain off the official records, avoiding forced labor and other forms of colonial control
• Preservation of Language and Tradition


  By maintaining their languages, traditions, and social structures, indigenous communities preserved their identity and cohesion, which was crucial for resisting cultural assimilation and maintaining resistance against colonial power
• • fixed farming areas is when the farm and its workers stayed in one place 
• • imperial powers wanted to maximize farming output and export crops to make profits. by using the forced labor of indigenous ppl that stayed in one place, production costs stayed low
• • accomodations is where people adapt to colonial rule and even benefit from it but without entiry giving up their own culture or values
• • Religious and spiritual beliefs played a role in subtle resistance against colonial rule, as they often celebrated higher authorities than the colonial government
• • There was a revival of Islam during this period, with growing numbers of Muslims making the pilgrimage to Mecca, facilitated by European transportation
• • Local belief systems, centered around mystics and holy figures, also emphasized higher authorities beyond colonial control
• • In Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, peasants resisted colonial oppression by moving around or leaving, avoiding forced labor and high taxes
• • Peasants in Javanese and Dutch areas purposely failed to comply with colonial regulations, such as inaccurately reporting land or crop yields
• • Highland regions of Southeast Asia presented strong resistance to colonial rule, as communities were highly mobile and dispersed across vast territories
• • Indigenous peoples in these highland areas avoided taxation, forced labor, and colonial censuses by remaining nomadic and loosely organized
• • Colonizers struggled to control these communities and attempted to establish ties through imitating local customs, such as community gatherings, but were often met with resistance
• • Colonized people expressed dissent through anonymous or ambiguous actions, such as spitting at or insulting colonizers from a distance
• • Secret channels using special language codes, inside jokes, or satire were created to share feelings of dissent among colonized communities