GENBIO

• HERACLITUS: 'There is nothing permanent except change.'
• Evolution


  Change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations
• Charles Darwin


  An English naturalist who proposed that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor
• Darwin's Theory of Evolution


  The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
• Theory


  A well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
• Galapagos Island


  The land of the tortoises and marine iguanas where Darwin observed them
• Natural Selection

  Any selection process that occurs as a result of an organism's ability to adapt to its surroundings
• Artificial Selection


  Selective breeding that is imposed by an external entity, usually humans, in order to enhance the frequency of desirable features
• Lamarck's Theory of Evolution


  • Tendency toward perfection (giraffe necks)
  • Use and disuse (bird's using forearms)
  • Inheritance of acquired traits
• Descent with Modification


  Each living organism has descended with changes from other species over time
• Common Descent


  Organisms were derived from common ancestors
• Mutation


  Alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism
• Genetic Drift


  A random process that can lead to large changes in populations over a short period of time
• Gene Flow


  Transfer of genetic material from one population to another
• Non-Random Mating


  Organisms may prefer to mate with others of the same genotype or of different genotypes. Non-random mating won't make allele frequencies in the population change by itself, though it can alter genotype frequencies.
• Natural Selection


  Nature selects who will survive
• Types of Genetic Variation

  • Normal - Neutral
  • Abnormalities - Maladaptive
  • Able to produce - Beneficial
• Ways Genetic Variation Arises

  • First step - Simple mutation
  • Second step - Individuals from other populations with different genetics entering the original population
  • Third step - Through breeding
• Mutation


  Change in sequence of nucleotide of DNA. Some mutation affect all cells in an organism, are inherited form a parent.
• Sexual Reproduction


  Causes genetic variation due to 3 factors: during the cell division, produced egg, produced sperm.
• Hardy-Weinberg Theory


  Principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
• • FOSSIL RECORD - show change
  • GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIVUTION OF LIVING THINGS - similar environments have similar types of organisms
  • HOMOLOGOUS BODY STRUCTURES - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue.
  • SIMILARITIES IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT
  • VESTIGAL ORGANS - serve no useful function in an organism
• Taxonomy


  The branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. It is a discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
• Carolus Linnaeus


  Considered as the Father of Modern Taxonomy
• Aristotle


  The Greek philosopher who developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification. He classified all the organism: plants and animals.
• Binomial Nomenclature


  Standard two-part system for naming things.
• Specific Epithet


  Describes a characteristic of the organism.
• Taxa


  Linnaeus' hierarchical system of classification includes 7 levels called.
• Kingdom


  The largest and most inclusive of the taxonomic categories.
• 6 Kingdom System

  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Species


  The smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.
• Phylogeny


  The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
• Cladistics


  Assume that as groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics that taxonomist call derived traits.
• Cladograms


  Diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among group of organisms
• Phylogenic Tree


  Specific type of cladogram.
• 9 Animal Kingdom


  • Porifera (Sponges)
  • Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals)
  • Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
  • Nematoda (Roundworms)
  • Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Squid, Octopus)
  • Annelida (Earthworms, Sandworms, Leeches)
  • Arthropoda (Crayfish, Lobster, Crabs, Insects, Spiders)
  • Echinodermata (Starfish, Sand Dollars, Sea Urchin)
  • Chordata (Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)
• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one.
• Tomy


  To cut
• Ana


  Against or apart
• Microscopic Anatomy


  The study of too small body structures