Science 10 finals

• Boyle's Law


  The pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it, given that the mass and the temperature of the gas are constant

  
• Boyle's Law was developed by the Anglo-Irish chemist, Robert Boyle


  1662
• The product of the initial pressure and the initial volume of a gas is equal to the product of its final pressure and final volume (at constant temperature and number of moles)

  
• Kinetic Molecular Theory explanation of Boyle's Law


  • The pressure of a gas depends on the amount of times per second that the molecules strike the surface of the container
  • If we compress the gas to a smaller volume, the same number of molecules are now acting against a smaller surface area, so the number striking per unit of area, and thus the pressure, is now greater

  
• Boyle's Law states that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it, given that the mass and the temperature of the gas are constant

  
• The standard formula to solve for Boyle's Law is P1V1 = P2V2

  
• If the pressure of a gas is increased, the volume will decrease according to Boyle's Law

  
• The two variables that must be held constant for Boyle's Law to apply are temperature and amount of gas (moles)

  
• P2 in the Boyle's Law formula represents the final pressure

  
• Charles' Law


  The volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional with the absolute temperature of the gas given that the pressure will remain constant

  
• Absolute temperature


  Temperature measured using the Kelvin scale
• Zero on the Kelvin scale means that there is a complete stoppage of the motion made by the molecules
• Charles' Law


  V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Kinetic Molecular Theory explanation of Charles' Law


  • An increase in temperature will result in the increase of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
  • If the molecules keep on moving more rapidly at constant pressure, the molecules must stay farther apart, so that the rise in the rate at which molecules interact with the surface of the container is equated by a corresponding increase in the area of this surface as the gas expands
• Derived Formulas:

  V1 = (V2*T1)/T2

  T1 = (V1*T2)/V2

  V2 = (V1*T2)/T1

  T2 = (V2*T1)/V1
• Categories of biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

  
• Carbohydrates


  Molecules made from aldehydes and ketones, mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in an approximate ratio of one carbon to two hydrogen to one oxygen (CH2O)
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Composed of a single unit of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
• Disaccharides


  Consist of two monosaccharides that are chemically combined
• Polysaccharides


  Polymers containing numerous monosaccharide monomers
• Lipids


  A large and diverse group of naturally occurring biomolecules that are water insoluble and composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

  
• Types of lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol

  
• Triglycerides


  Consist of a glycerol "backbone" to which three fatty acids are attached
• Phospholipids


  Similar to triglycerides, except with one of the three fatty acids replaced with a phosphate group to which other highly polar (aka hydrophilic, water-loving) entities are attached

  
• Cholesterol


  Contains various hydrocarbon ring structures
• Proteins


  Polypeptides composed of long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
• Amino acids


  The building blocks of protein
• Types of amino acids


  • Essential
  • Non-essential
• Essential amino acids


  Must be obtained in the diet
• Non-essential amino acids


  Can be synthesized in the body
• Nucleic acids


  Polymers consisting of long chains of nucleotides
• Nucleotides


  Organic molecules that are the building block of DNA and RNA, composed of a five carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base and phosphate group
• DNA


  A double-helix molecule composed of a deoxyribose, phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases such as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
• RNA


  A single-stranded molecule composed of ribose sugar, phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases such as adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

  
• Carbohydrates are important as they serve as the major source of energy we need to accomplish our everyday tasks
• Primary functions of carbohydrates


  • Energy production
  • Energy storage
  • Building macromolecules
  • Sparing protein
  • Assisting in lipid metabolism
• Lipids are important as they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules

  
• Functions of proteins


  • Acting as enzymes and hormones
  • Providing for fluid and acid-base balance
  • Transport, protection, wound healing and tissue regeneration
  • Energy production