Geology

• Cosmology


  The study of the origin and development of the universe
• Determining the Earth's circumference and shape

  1. Observations

  2. Calculations

  
• Celestial objects in the Universe


  • Stars
  • Planets
  • Moons
  • Asteroids
  • Comets

  
• Big Bang theory


  The theory that the universe began with an extremely hot, dense state that has been expanding and cooling ever since
• Star formation


  The process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse and form stars
• Nebular theory


  The theory that the solar system formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust

  
• Moon formation


  The theory that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between the early Earth and a Mars-sized body
• Earth's shape


  The Earth is round (geoid) due to its rotation and the force of gravity
• Earth's differentiation


  The process by which the Earth's interior has separated into distinct layers with different chemical compositions
• The Universe is made up of matter and energy
• Mass


  The amount of matter in an object
• Planets


  Objects that orbit stars, are roughly spherical, and have cleared their neighbourhood of other objects

  
• Planets appear to move relative to the backdrop of stars


  The planet's location changes over time

  
• Only understanding what the Moon is for the past few hundred years
• Constellations


  Distinct arrangements of stars
• Geocentric model


  The model where the Earth is at the centre of the universe and the Moon, planets, and stars orbit around it

  
• Heliocentric model


  The model where the Sun is at the centre of the universe and the Earth and other planets orbit around it

  
• Gravity


  The curvature of spacetime caused by massive bodies, which determines the path that objects travel
• Newton's laws only described what gravity does, not what it is
• Einstein's theory of relativity


  Explains that space and time are interwoven to create a spacetime continuum, and that mass creates a warp or curve in this fabric
• Planets in orbit are not attracted to the sun, they follow the nearest thing to a straight line in curved spacetime

  
• Telescope


  A device that uses lenses or mirrors to magnify and make distant objects appear closer
• Galileo Galilei designed his own telescope and made improvements to it
• Star


  An immense sphere of incandescent gas emitting intense energy (light from heat), held together by gravity in immense groups called galaxies
• Milky Way


  Our galaxy, comprising more than 300 billion stars
• There are an estimated trillion galaxies in the observable universe
• Solar System


  The Sun and the objects that orbit around it, including planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets and other small bodies

  
• Terrestrial planets


  The inner planets closest to the Sun, made of rock
• Giant/Jovian planets


  The outer planets farthest from the Sun, made of hydrogen and helium
• Ice giants


  Uranus and Neptune, made of water, carbon dioxide, and methane frozen as ice
• Dwarf planets


  Objects that orbit the Sun, are roughly spherical, but have not cleared their neighbourhood of other objects

  
• Dwarf planets


  • Pluto
  • Charon
  • Ceres
  • Eris
• for 71% of non-solar mass in the solar system
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• Saturn


  • http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/saturn/2moons.jpg
  • http://fclass.vaniercollege.qc.ca/~kingsmip/Saturn.gif
• Introduction to Geology/ Geology for Engineering
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• Saturn, the solar system's second-largest planet

  • Takes 29 Earth years to make a full revolution of the Sun
• Uranus


  • http://www.weltraumkunde.de/bilder_planeten/uranus/uranus1.jpg
  • http://web.uvic.ca/grs/bowman/myth/images/haifa/h176.jpg
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