summary

• phyllite


  A metamorphic rock that does not form from a shale protolith

  
• slate


  A metamorphic rock that does not form from a shale protolith

  
• quartzite


  A metamorphic rock that does not form from a shale protolith

  
• schist


  A metamorphic rock that does not form from a shale protolith

  
• Continental crust


  Mostly composed of granite
• Contact metamorphism


  Has a local heat source
• Phaneritic igneous rocks


  Coarser grained than aphanitic igneous rocks
• Lahar


  A fast-moving wet slurry consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris
• Pahoehoe


  The textural term used to describe a basaltic lava flow that has a smooth, ropy appearance
• Gneiss


  Metamorphic rocks with segregated bands of light and dark minerals
• Quartzite


  The metamorphic rock associated with its true parent rock of quartz arenite
• Greenstone


  The metamorphic rock associated with its true parent rock of basalt
• Schist


  The metamorphic rock associated with its true parent rock of shale

  
• Hornfels


  The metamorphic rock not associated with its true parent rock of dolomite
• Regional metamorphism


  Caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of continental or oceanic crust
• 1. waves


  The type of seismic waves illustrated in Figure a
• 1. waves


  The type of seismic waves illustrated in Figure b
• 1. waves


  The type of seismic waves illustrated in Figure c
• Seismologist


  Specializes in earthquakes
• Migmatite


  A rock that can be considered gradational between an igneous rock and a metamorphic rock
• Mica


  The mineral responsible for the strong foliation in a schist
• Marble


  The metamorphosed equivalent of limestone
• Surface waves


  The most destructive earthquake waves
• Clastic sedimentary rocks


  Sedimentary rocks formed from the weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition processes
• Divergent and transform plate boundaries

  The two basic types of plate boundaries that link the segmented mid-ocean ridges
• P waves, S waves, Surface waves

  The correct sequence of seismic wave arrivals at a seismic station from first to last
• Blue light and high-pitched sounds

  Indicate high-frequency wavelengths moving towards the observer, supporting the Doppler Effect
• Nebula


  The cloud that started to collapse under its own gravity and formed a spinning disk shape called a protoplanetary disk
• Gabbro and basalt


  The pair of intrusive and extrusive mafic igneous rocks that have the same chemical composition

  
• Sedimentary and metamorphic rock groups

  The rock groups represented by the observed sequence of shale, slate, and phyllite

  
• Metamorphic grade / prograde metamorphism


  The direction of increasing metamorphism in the observed sequence of shale, slate, and phyllite
• 3 seismograph stations


  The number needed to accurately locate the epicenter of an earthquake
• Focus or Hypocenter


  The location in the Earth's subsurface where the earthquake starts
• Energy sources driving the rock cycle


  • The Earth's Internal heat
  • Energy from the sun
• Products of volcanic eruptions

  • Lava flows
  • Volcaniclastic deposits or Pyroclastic debris
  • Volcanic gases
• Deep-focus earthquakes occur along convergent plate boundaries


  Because of subduction where one plate descends below another
• Deep-focus earthquakes are absent along divergent or transform boundaries
• The zone along which earthquakes occur in the Earth's crust at subduction zones is called the Benioff zone
• Focus or Hypocenter


  The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
• Energy sources that drive the rock cycle


  • The Earth's internal heat
  • Energy from the sun