Earthquakes

• How to reduce earthquake damage

  • Predicting when an earthquake might occur: Scientists study historical records of when earthquakes have occurred at different plate boundaries. They can then predict when another earthquake may occur.
  • Planning for earthquakes: Make maps to show areas at a higher risk,with this planets can make decisions on where to construct buildings.
  • Construction of earthquake-safe buildings: Buildings and bridges can be designed and built to resist the shaking that occurs during an earthquake.e.g Burj Khalifa
• Earthquake - sudden shaking of the earth cause by movement in the earths crust
• Seismic waves are waves of energy that spread out in circles from the focus
• Focus: The place where an

  earthquake begins beneath

  the earth's surface.
• Epicentre: The Point on the earths surface directly above the focus, is the strongest part of the earthquake.
• A fault is a large crack in the earth’s crust e.g. San Andreas Fault
• A tsunami is a huge wave caused by an earthquake under the sea
• Seismograph is used to measure and record an earthquake and how long it lasted
• The Richter scale is the original scale used to measure the magnitude of the earthquake the scale goes from 1 to 8.
• The moment magnitude scale is now used to measure the magnitude(strength) of the earthquake. It is more reliable than the Richter scale the scale goes from one to 10
• • Earthquakes occur when plates collide, these plates collide as a result of convection currents underneath the surface of the Earth. Convection currents are what causes the plate movement.
  • The Earthquake begins beneath the Earth’s surface, it starts with the mantle then to the focus (which is beneath the earths surface) and then it makes its way to the surface which is the epicentre of the epicentre is the strongest part of the earthquake and it’s on the surface. Seismic waves also spread out from the focus
• • Subduction is a process that occurs in an earthquake is when one of the plates are formed beneath the other. Pressure is then released and this causes the shaking that experienced by people On the surface
• Earthquake diagram

  
• Long-term responses: The Japanese Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011 and measured 9.0 on the Richter scale with 5,000 aftershocks. It cost the

  Japanese economy Billions to restore what was damaged. Japan experienced - fast recovery due to the Japanese government's long-term response plan to the disaster. They Came up with a €208 Billion 10-year investment plan. They used this to restore farmland that had been destroyed due to a tSunami caused by the Earthquake. Portion of the money - rebuild homes and ports as well as industry and infrastructure.
• 2. This has greatly helped to restore the

  Japanese economy. However people were still left living in temporary housing after the plan.
• Build up of pressure and then sudden release
• Reduces the tress
• habitats are destroyed
• Kathmandu Nepal 2015 - earthquake, 7.8 mms.

  • 2 large aftershocks within an hour of the main earthquake: 6.6 & 6.7 on MMS.
  • Social impact - Almost 9,000 people died, 17,000 injured - Electricity, water supplies & communication networks were all affected — Up to 90% of clinics & schools destroyed. - Mt. Everest experienced an avalanche killing 19 people - Triggered landslides that affected villages & capital city Kathmandu
• Nepal earthquake economic impacts

  • Est cost of the damage was €9 billion
  • 1m children left without school to attend
  • 3.7m people needed emergency aid e.g. food, water, medical supplies & tents