midterms

• Phagocytosis


  Cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells
• Apoptosis


  Process of programmed cell death used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells, used to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair
• Phagocytosis is found in many types of cells and it is, in consequence an essential process for tissue homeostasis
• Blood


  Body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells
• Albumin


  Main protein in plasma, a protein made by your liver that helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues
• Albumin


  • Regulates the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood, carries various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and enzymes
• Low albumin levels can indicate a problem with your liver or kidneys
• Globulins


  Group of proteins in your blood made in your liver by your immune system that play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection
• Types of globulins


  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma globulins
• Globulins found in animal fluids


  • enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins usually contained in the blood plasma
• Granulocytes


  Type of white blood cell that has small granules containing proteins
• Specific types of granulocytes


  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
• Granulocytes, specifically neutrophils


  • Help the body fight bacterial infections, have granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma
• Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)


  Type of white blood cell that lack visible granules and have a clear cytoplasm that allows for better visibility of the nucleus, are an important part of the body's immune system
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)


  Carry oxygen towards the tissues from the lungs by binding oxygen to hemoglobin, carry carbon dioxide away from the tissues and towards the lungs, determine a person's blood type
• Leukocytes (WBCs)


  Responsible for protecting your body from infection, as part of your immune system they circulate in your blood and respond to injury or illness
• Types of leukocytes


  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte
• Neutrophil


  • When microorganisms enter the body, they are one of the first immune cells to respond, they travel to the site of infection and destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them, they also boost the response of other immune cells, their numbers increase in bacterial infections
• Basophil


  • Releases histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to prevent unnecessary clot formation, their numbers increase with allergies
• Eosinophil


  • Attacks some worm parasites, their numbers can increase with allergies
• Monocyte


  • Leaves the blood to become a macrophage in the tissues, phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
• Lymphocyte


  • Important for the immune system, produces antibodies and other chemicals to fight foreign pathogens and is important for tumor control
• Thrombocytes (platelets)


  Form platelet plugs and release clotting factors
• Hemopoiesis


  The process of the continuous production of the formed elements of blood, replacing the relatively short-lived erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, begins in the red bone marrow with hemopoietic stem cells that differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages
• Before birth, hemopoiesis occurs primarily in the liver and spleen, but some cells develop in the thymus, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
• Types of hemopoiesis


  • Thrombopoiesis (platelets)
  • Leukopoiesis (white blood cells)
  • Erythropoiesis (red blood cells)
• Erythropoietin (EPO)


  Hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow cells to produce red blood cells
• Formed elements


  Cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)
• Myeloid stem cells


  Give rise to all the other formed elements including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes that produce platelets, and the myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
• Myeloid stem cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells
• Function of RBCs


  • Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product away from the tissues and back to the lungs, hemoglobin is an important protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen
• Anemia


  A low red blood count that can cause feelings of fatigue and weakness because the body has to work overtime to get enough oxygen to the cells
• The normal RBC range for men is 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter, for women who aren't pregnant is 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter, and for children is 4.0 to 5.5 million cells per microliter
• Function of WBCs


  • Involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders, all white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells
• The normal number of WBCs in the blood is 4,500 to 11,000 WBCs per microliter
• Function of platelets


  • React to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot, depend on the endothelial supporting function of platelets, the ability to form hemostatic plugs, and the release of lipoprotein material (platelet factor 3)
• Coagulation cascade


  The process where coagulation factors work together to form a blood clot when you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding
• Coagulation factors and their common names


  • Factor I - fibrinogen
  • Factor II - prothrombin
  • Factor III - tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor)
  • Factor IV - ionized calcium (Ca++)
  • Factor V - labile factor or proaccelerin
  • Factor VI - unassigned
  • Factor VII - stable factor or proconvertin
• Stuart-Prower factor (Factor X)


  An enzyme of the coagulation cascade that is a serine endopeptidase synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for its synthesis
• Factors in the intrinsic pathway


  • I-fibrinogen
  • II-prothrombin
  • IX-Christmas factor
  • X-Stuart-Prower factor
  • XI-plasma thromboplastin
  • XII-Hageman factor