bio notes :0

• CORMMSS


  Change, Organism, Measure (1), Measure (2), Same (1), Same (2)
• DORIC


  Dependent variable, Organisms, Repeats, Independent variable, Control variable(s)
• Dependent variable


  Goes on the Y axis
• Independent variable


  Goes on the X axis
• For result tables, the independent variable goes on the left side, the dependent variable goes on the right side
• Measures of central tendency and spread


  • Mean/average
  • Range
  • Interquartile range
  • Upper quartile
  • Lower quartile
  • Median
  • Mode
• A balanced diet is a diet that contains adequate amounts of nutrients, and there is no over or under-consumption
• A person's diet can vary based on age, activity level, sex, and other factors
• Macronutrients and micronutrients


  • Macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates)
  • Micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
• Main components of a balanced diet


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Fibre
  • Water
• Proteins


  Used for growth and repair, composed of amino acids, what cells are made of
• Carbohydrates


  Used as the main source of energy, broken down into starches and sugars
• Lipids


  Used for heat, protection, and long term energy storage, come in saturated (fats) and unsaturated (oils) forms
• Water


  Cools the body, acts as a lubricant, helps transport things throughout the body by dissolving them
• Fibre


  Regulates bowel movements, used to keep intestines healthy and clean, has no energy value
• Vitamins and minerals


  Essential for keeping the body healthy, only needed in small amounts, have no energy value
• Deficiency diseases


  • Scurvy (lack of vitamin C)
  • Night-blindness & liver disorders (lack of vitamin A)
  • Rickets or osteoporosis (lack of vitamin D and calcium)
  • Kwashiorkor (lack of protein)
  • Anaemia (lack of iron)
  • Obesity (over-consumption of food)
• Cell organisation orders


  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
• Digestive system


  An organ system that plays an important role in processing nutrients for bodily use
• Key processes of the digestive system


  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Assimilation
  • Egestion
• Enzymes


  A type of catalyst that speeds up the rate of nutrients being broken down
• Enzymes can only work at specific temperatures and a specific pH or else they will get denatured
• Enzymes found in the human body often work best at a temperature of 35-40 degrees celsius and a somewhat neutral pH of 6 to 8
• Enzymes and their substrates


  • Amylase (carbohydrates)
  • Lipase (lipids)
  • Protease (proteins)
  • Maltase (maltose)
• Small intestine


  • 2.5m long passageway
  • One cell thick walls
  • Contains a lot of blood vessels
  • Bumpy villi surface
  • Presence of lacteals

  
• The features of the small intestine increase surface area for absorption and rate of absorption into the bloodstream

  
• Energy content formula


  (Difference between final temp and initial temp) x Amount of water (g) x 4.2
• Food tests


  • Iodine solution (carbohydrates)
  • Biuret reagent (proteins)
  • Benedict solution (reducing sugars)
  • Ethanol solution (lipids)
  • DCPIP solution (vitamin C)
• Unicellular organisms can actively transport substances in and out of the cell via diffusion
• Multicellular organisms cannot rely solely on diffusion for transport because it is not efficient enough
• Respiration


  The process by which energy is released from glucose from food
• Types of respiration


  • Aerobic (with oxygen)
  • Anaerobic (without oxygen)
• Aerobic respiration


  Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Anaerobic respiration


  Glucose -> lactic acid + energy
• Aerobic respiration is far more efficient than anaerobic respiration (up to 18.5x more efficient) because it uses oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration creates an oxygen debt, which is the amount of time it takes to recover the oxygen debt
• ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate
• Components of the respiratory system


  • Sinuses
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles

  
• The respiratory system is responsible for supplying the blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from it
• Components of the circulatory system


  • Heart
  • Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)