Muscular skeletal system

• Flexion - decreasing angle at a joint, e.g bending knee before a kick
• Extension – increasing angle at a joint, e.g. follow through of a kick
• Plantar-flexion – moving foot downwards away from tibia, jumping to take a shot in basketball 
• Dorsi-flexion – raising foot upwards towards tibia, e.g. lifting foot up to control a pass in football. 
• Pronation – rotating the forearm into a palm down position, e.g. forehand top spin in table tennis 
• Supination – rotating forearm into a palm up position, e.g. executing forehand slice in table tennis. 
• Inversion – movement of sole towards the median plane, e.g. turning in skiing 
• Eversion – movement of the sole of foot away from the median plane, e.g. turning in skiing the other way. 
• Abduction - movement of a limb away from the mid-line of the body, e.g. forehand shot in tennis 
• Adduction – movement of a limb towards the mid-line of the body, e.g. returning arms back to original position from jumping jack
• Circumduction – movement of a body region in a circular motion, e.g. bowling in cricket 
• Rotation – movement around an axis, e.g. when hitting a golf ball, the trunk rotates 
• Horizontal flexion – angle between bones decreases on horizontal/transverse plane, e.g. forehand shot in tennis 
• Horizontal extension – angle between two bones increases on the horizontal/transverse plane, e.g. backhand shot in tennis
• Stretch shortening cycle - pre-stretch that allows an athlete to produce more force quickly.
• Eccentric - pre-loading muscle group, while muscle is lengthening. Elastic energy is stored.
• Amortisation - transition phase that represents the time between the eccentric and concentric phase. Must be kept short as energy stored during eccentric phase could dissipate as heat.
• Concentric - energy stored during eccentric phase is used to increase force produced during movement
• Isometric - no movement, but maintains tension in muscles.
• Concentric - muscle shortening whilst contracting
• Eccentric - muscles lengthening whilst contracting
• Fixator - A muscle that stabilizes a joint by pulling it into a fixed position.
• Synergist - muscles that stabilise a joint around movement
• The greater the effort arm, the greater the mechanical advantage (1st and 2nd)
• To increase the stability, base of support needs to be increased
• Increased muscle temperature - increased supply of blood due to vascular shunting leads to increase in muscle temperature
• Increased muscle pliability - elasticity of muscles increases which should increase force production and flexibility
• Blood viscosity decreases, allows for increased blood flow to working muscles and greater level of O2 and dispersion of Co2
• Lactate is produced due to high intensity anaerobic exercise
• Microtears - occurs in muscle fibres as a result of high intensity exercise, leads to fatigue.
• Increased blood supply - blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood vasodilate, allowing performer to maintain exercise intensity
• Skeletal - simulated uptake of minerals from weight bearing activity, decrease in viscosity of synovial fluid and increase in fluency of joint movement.
• Mitochondrial density increased from endurance training, increase in in conversion of energy into ATP
• Increased tolerance to lactate from interval training, increasing lactate threshold, allowing performances to occur at a higher intensity
• Increased tendon strength - tendons become thicker, more elastic and stronger
• Increased myoglobin stores - endurance training, increasing efficiency of o2 delivery to working muscles
• Increased energy stores - fat storage increases and fat used as energy is increased, conserving crucial muscle and liver glycogen for higher intensity activity
• Skeletal - increase in bone density and strength due to long term weight bearing activity
• Ligament strength increases, increases the stability of the joint and reduces chance of injury
• Muscular hypertrophy - increase in size of muscle fibres leads to increase in muscle size and strength