Structure and function of cells and tissue

• Eukaryotic cells make up organisms like plants and animals. They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
• Prokaryotes are single celled organisms like bacteria. They don't have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles.
• Protein synthesis


  Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes attached to the rough E.R and packaged into vesicles. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where vesicles fuse with the surrounding face of the Golgi.A and the proteins enter. The proteins are then modified and then packed into vesicles. They are transported and released from the cell to the cell surface membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release the protein.
• Nucleus(Animal, Plant cells)

  Contains DNA, control centre of the cell
• Ribosome(Animal, Plant cells)

  Protein synthesis (It makes proteins).
• Endoplasmic reticulum(Animal, plant cells)


  Makes lipids, breaks down drugs, packages proteins.
• Mitochondrion(Animal, Plant cells.)

  Breaks down food to make ATP
• Chloroplast(Plant cells)

  Uses energy from sunlight to make food.
• Golgi complex(Animal, plant cells)


  Processes and transports proteins out of the cell.
• Large central vacuole (Plant cells)

  Stores water.
• Lysomes(Animal cells)

  Digests food particles.
• Cell wall(Plant cells)

  Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant
• Tonoplast (Plant cells)

  Allows small molecules to pass through because its permeable.
• Amyloplast (Plant cells)

  Synthesis and storage of starch granules.
• Pits (Plant cells)

  Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels.
• Gram staining


  Identify correct bacteria that cause infections to enable them to decide the most effective treatment.
• Gram positive: Purple (violet crystal)

  Gram negative: Red (saffarin)
• Nucleoid (bacteria cells)


  Region where generic information can be found, controls cellular activity.
• Plasmid (bacteria cells)


  Carry genes that benefit the survival of an organism.
• Pilli (bacteria cells)


  Allows them to adhere to surfaces.