Modern medicine

    Cards (27)

    • When was the Human Genome project?
      1986 - 2001
    • What did the Human Genome Project allow them to do?
      They began to identify the purpose of each gene in the body. This allowed them to be bale to map DNA which was vital to help scientists understand the causes of genetic diseases. They looked at the blueprint of human DNA to look for mistakes or mismatches in people suffering from hereditary diseases. This led them to be able to identify a gene that is sometimes present in Breast cancer
    • How did the discovery of DNA help the causes of disease?
      Germ Theory only helped doctors and scientists identify bacterial causes of disease and doctors could now identify the genetic causes of disease inherited from sufferers genes. This then let them work out how to help sufferers and prevent those diseases and could now identity down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, diabetes and alzheimers. We can now predict some people are at higher risk of some cancers
    • What was the importance of the DNA discovery?
      For future medicine its impact on medicine is still ongoing and could be the most important breakthrough. For treatment gene therapy could help sufferers of sickle cell anemia. For prevention you can now screen for genetic diseases or hereditary traits for example breast cancer or parents are offered an abortion for embryos that highlight early signs pf down syndrome.
    • What were the impact of Blood tests?
      since 1930s we used blood tests to test for conditions such as anemia
    • What were the impact of blood sugar monitoring?
      help people with diabetes check their blood sugar levels
    • What were the impact of CT scans?
      these were advanced X rays used to diagnose tumours and cancer
    • What were the impact of MRI scans?

      these used magnets and radio waves to create internal image of the body
    • How did lifestyle link to the causes of disease?
      smoking was linked to lung cancer, associated with high blood pressure, heart disease, throat/mouth cancer and 2nd hand smoke increases cases of asthma in children. Too much sugar causes type 2 diabetes whilst too much fat can cause heart disease. Binge drinking leads to liver and kidney problems. Tanning is linked to increase in cases of skin cancer
    • Vaccination campaigns
      First nation Vaccination campaign was in 1942 against diphtheria where due to over 3000 children died a year from diphtheria. The polio vaccine was introduced in 1956 and there hasn't been a case of polio since 1984
    • Government legislation
      The clean air act 1956 and 68 was passed due to bag smog in London caused by burning coal and this aimed to try and reduce air pollution. 1st July 2007 smoking was banned inside public buildings and taxed cars that caused more pollution to try and limit car emissions.
    • Government lifestyle campaigns
      These campaigns aimed to prevent diseases such as cancer, heart disease, HIV/AIDS. Advertising campaigns warned the dangers of smoking, binge drinking, drug use and unprotected sex. "Stoptober" encouraged people not to smoke for a month. "Sugar smart" and "5 a day" encourages families to eat well whilst everyone over the age of 40 is given the opportunity for a health check every 5 years
    • Medicine and drug treatments 

      "cure all" medicines replaced by new medicines such as aspirin which is used for fevers. New antibiotics such as magic bullets and penicillin was used to treat infectious diseases. New custom drugs to treat specific health problems such as huntingtons disease
    • Changes is surgical treatment
      keyhole surgery used tiny cameras and minute instruments which allowed quicker healing. Microsurgery allowed the first kidney transplant in 1956 and the heart transplant in 1967 which makes it possible as nerve endings and blood vessels can be reattached after surgery. Robotic surgery uses computers to control instruments for precision surgery whilst anesthetic could be injected into the blood stream allowing precise doses
    • modern treatments
      X rays were used to target tumours which is known as radiotherapy which is used to treat cancer. Dialysis machines keeps kidney patients alive until a transplant is available. Blood transfusions were used from 1900 and could store blood for transfusions. Gene therapy is where you take genes from a normal donor and transfers them to a sufferer. Robotics were helpful for prosthetic limbs to help amputees especially those in Iraq or Afghanistan
    • Extent of change in treatment
      deaths from infectious diseases dropped from 25% to 1%
    • Salvarsan 606
      Paul Ehrlich reasoned that if certain dyes could stain bacteria perhaps certain chemicals could kill them. Ehrlich said it would be like a magic bullet that would shoot the infection not the person so he set up a private labatory with a team of scientists and by 1914 they had discovered multiple magic bullets but Salvarsan 606 was the most effective which could used to treat the STD syphilis. This was the first treatment using chemicals but it was poisonous as it was made from arsenic
    • Prontosil
      1932 Gerhard Domagk found 2nd magic bullet and it was a red dye called prontosil which killed bacteria causing blood poisoning. He tried it on his daughter who had blood poisoning and injected it into her and it cured her. The key ingredient was sulphonamide which attacked the disease and was able to create drugs to treat ghonorrhea, pneumonia and scarlett fever. The death rate from post natal infection went from 20% to 5%
    • Penicillin
      This was the first antibiotic made from microbes not chemicals and was discovered by Alexander Fleming accidentally in 1928 as he left a petri dishes with bacteria on and noticed that mould grew and killed the bacteria. Fleming diluted penicillin as it could only kill bacteria on the outside of the body . Oxford Scientists Florey and chain created pure penicillin in 1932 and this killed bacteria inside the body like septicemia. During WW2 the US government mass produced 2.3 million doses so it could be used by the army for D Day
    • The NHS
      1948 government set up NHS and the idea came from the 1942 Beveridge report which said treatment for rich and poor should be available. It provides medical care for all of the population and is paid for by British taxes and is responsible for over 2500 hospitals
    • Early problems with NHS
      Hospitals throughout the country needed updating desperately but Britain had little money after WW2 to pay for the NHS. GP surgeries needed modernising and GPs were suspicious of NHS. There were large appointment time and delays
    • 1960s improvements 

      more hospitals were built even specialist ones such as Alder Hay Childrens hospital. The quality care commission was set up to monitor hospital quality. GPs charter 1966 gave incentives to GPs who kept up with medical research
    • Impact of NHS
      anyone regardless of social background could recieve the same level of service. Specialist doctors, nurses and treatments including blood and lung transplant and chemotherapy. Increased life expectancy which was 83 in 2015. nurses developed specialist skills in care of patients for example some could prescribe medicines
    • Lung Cancer
      40,000 new cases a year since 1900. 26,000 deaths in 1973 which cost NHS £165m yearly. 1/3 live a year after diagnosis
    • diagnosis of lung cancer
      CT scan after being injected with dye to give a more accurate picture. PET scan which uses radioactive material to identify specific cancerous cells. Bronchoscope takes samples from lungs which shows what type of cancer and how advanced it is
    • Treatment of Lung Cancer
      surgery as lungs can be transplanted or microsurgery. radiotherapy which aims to kill cancer cells using beams of radiation to target cancer cells. chemotherapy which is chemical medicines to try and shrink the tumours and prevent them form coming back. immunotherapy is where cancer resists body's immune system which boosts the immune system to fight
    • prevention of lung cancer
      2007 smoking was banned in public buildings and in cars in 2015 as passive smoking has bad effects. Taxes on tobacco has increased. You must be 18 to buy cigarettes that can't be on display. Advertisement was banned from 2005 and packages must contain warnings. NHS produces campaigns to advertise damages of smoking
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