research 1

• Research Methodology


  written with 2 purposes:

  1. replicate
  2. evaluate
• Research Ethical Consideration

  Intellectual Property - a work or invention that is the result or creativity to which one has righgs and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.
• Observation


  A type of data gathering technique wherein the researcher communicates, interacts and watches the subjects. The data gathering instrument has the element of subjectivity.
• Types of Observation


  • Participant Observation / Unstructured Observation
  • Non-Participant Observation / Structured Observation
• Participant Observation / Unstructured Observation


  The researcher participates in the group under study wherein they observe and record information in an unstructured manner. The researcher's active involvement enables him to gather first-hand information about the subjects' behaviour, culture, and day to day experiences.
• Non-Participant Observation / Structured Observation


  The researcher just observes covertly or overtly watching the subjects do their activities without any interaction from researcher. The recording of observation is with the use of checklist.
• Advantages of Observation


  • Access to situations and people where questionnaires and interviews are impossible or are inappropriate to use
  • Access to people in real life situations
  • Good for explaining meaning and context
  • Can be strong on validity and in-depth understanding
• Disadvantages of Observation


  • Can be viewed as too subjective
  • The presence of observer may affect the behaviour of the subjects
  • Requires longer time for planning
  • Depends on the role of researcher
  • Requires necessary skills to obtain relevant data
• Interview


  A type of data gathering technique or verbal inquiry wherein the researcher verbally ask the subjects on what they think or feel about a certain topic. Usually used in qualitative approach of research.
• Types of Interview


  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
  • Semi-Structured Interview
• Structured Interview


  This type verbally administers a list of predetermined open-ended questions, wherein the respondents must choose among the given set of answers prepared by the researcher.
• Unstructured Interview


  In this type of interview, the respondents are asked to answer the questions based on how they feel and think about a certain topic. There are no predetermined questions nor suggested answers.
• Semi-Structured Interview


  Combines of the characteristics of unstructured and structured type of interview. This consists of predetermined questions and at the same time, this type allows the respondent to freely answer the questions based on how they think and feel about the research topic.
• Approaches in Interview


  • Individual Interview
  • Group Interview
  • Mediated Interview
• Individual Interview


  It is a one on one interview between the respondent and the researcher. This type is often used upon the request of the respondent that does not want other interviewees to hear his/her answers. Time-consuming.
• Group Interview


  It is also known as Focus Group Discussion. This type of interview involves interviewing a group of respondents at the same time. Respondents will be gathered together wherein they take turns in answering questions asked by the researcher.
• Mediated Interview


  It refers to online interview or a type of interview that uses computer as a medium in gathering data. It is usually done through social media.
• Telephone Interview


  The information is collected from the respondent by asking him questions on the phone is called as telephone interview. The combination of telephone and computer has made this method even more popular.
• Methods of Conducting an Interview

  • Rapport Building
  • Introduction
  • Probing
  • Recording
  • Closing
• Rapport Building


  Interviewer should increase the receptiveness of the respondent by making him believe that his opinions are very useful to the research, and is going to be a pleasure rather than an ordeal.
• Introduction


  An introduction involves the interviewer identifying himself by giving him his name, purpose and sponsorship if any. An introductory letter goes a long way in conveying the study's legitimacy.
• Probing


  Probing is the technique of encouraging the respondents to answer completely, freely and relevantly.
• Recording


  The interviewer can either write the response at the time of interview or after the interview. In certain cases, where the respondent allows for it, audio or visual aids can be used to record answers.
• Closing


  After the interview, interviewer should thank the respondent and once again assure him about the worth of his answers and the confidentiality of the same.
• How to Conduct an Interview


  • Getting to know each other
  • Give the respondents an idea on what research is all about
  • Start the interview process
  • Conduct the interview proper
  • Ending the interview
  • Reflecting thoughts after the interview
• Questionnaire


  It is a written tool that contains a list of predetermined questions. It is very much important for a questionnaire to be valid and reliable.
• Uses of Questionnaire


  • To guide the researcher during interview process
  • To make it easier for the researcher to document, collate, analyze, and interpret the data gathered
  • To help the researcher in determining who are the appropriate respondents for the study interest
  • To assist the researcher in conducting a face-to-face interview
• Research methodology


  Written with 2 purposes in mind: Replicate and Evaluate
• Research methodology


  1. Provides enough detail for a competent reader to replicate the study and reproduce the results

  2. Ensures the study has undergone scientific process and the tools utilized are valid and reliable
• Research Methodology includes


  • Research Design
  • Research Locale
  • Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection
  • Research Ethics
  • Research Instruments
  • Data Collection
  • Data Analysis
• Research Design


  Discusses the approach (qualitative/quantitative) and design (phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, etc.) used in the study
• Research Locale


  • Description of the geographical characteristic of the place of study
  • Reasons why the specific setting was chosen
  • Anonymity must always be observed in special cases
• Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection


  • Description of the demographic characteristics of the participants
  • Explanation of the population and sampling procedures: Number of respondents, Profile of the respondents, Sampling technique used
• Sampling


  • Process of selecting the sample or a portion of the population
  • Population consists of all the members of the group about which the researchers want to draw a conclusion
  • Sample is a portion or part of the population of interest selected for analysis; subset of the population elements
  • Representative sample is one whose characteristics closely approximate those of the population
• Sampling Techniques


  • Non-Probability or Non-Random: Convenience Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling
  • Probability or Random: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling
• Non-Probability or Non-Random Sampling


  • There is a form of bias in the selection of sample
  • There is no assurance that each element in the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample
  • There is no assurance that each unit in the population is properly represented
  • The findings are limited to the sample
• Probability or Random Sampling


  • There is random selection of sample
  • Each element in the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample
  • There is greater representation in each unit in the population
  • The findings can be generalized to the population
• Types of Non-Probability Sampling

  • Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Types of Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
• Research Ethics

  • Ethical principles observed in the study and how it was maintained (e.g. ethical board reviews, permissions on animal usage, etc.)
  • Intellectual property
  • Informed-consent
  • Respect for confidentiality and privacy
  • Maintaining Anonymity